18-447 Introduction to Computer Architecture – Spring 2015

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====== Readings ======

  * **P&P** stands for Patt & Patel's //Introduction to Computing Systems: From Bits and Gates to C and Beyond//
    * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/PP_Chap1.pdf|P&P Chapter 1 (Fundamentals)]]
    * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/PP_Chap4.pdf|P&P Chapter 4 (The von Neumann Model)]]
    * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/pp-appendixa.pdf|P&P Appendix A (The LC-3b ISA)]]
    * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/pp-appendixc.pdf|P&P Appendix C (The Microarchitecture of the LC-3b, Basic Machine)]]
  * **P&H** stands for Patterson & Hennessy's //Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface//

====== Guides on how to review papers critically ======
  * Lecture slides: {{onur-447-s15-how-to-do-the-paper-reviews.pdf | pdf}} {{onur-447-s15-how-to-do-the-paper-reviews.ppt | Slides ppt}}
  * Example reviews on "Main Memory Scaling: Challenges and Solution Directions" (link to the paper)
      * {{review-chapter.pdf | Review 1}}
      * {{review-chapter-2.pdf | Review 2}}
  * Example review on "Staged memory scheduling: Achieving high performance and scalability in heterogeneous systems" (link to the paper)
      * {{review-sms.pdf | Review 1}}


===== Lecture 1 (1/12 Mon.) =====
**Required:**
  * For HW1: {{00964437.pdf|Patt, Y. (2001). Requirements, bottlenecks, and good fortune: agents for microprocessor evolution. Proceedings of the IEEE.}}

**Mentioned during lecture:**
  * {{bstj29-2-147.pdf|Hamming, R. W. (1950). Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes. Bell System Technical Journal, 29(2).}}
  * {{youandyourresearch.pdf|Hamming, R. W. (1986). You and Your Research. Transcription of the Bell Communications Research Colloquium Seminar.}}
    * [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1zDuOPkMSw|youtube]]
  * {{p128-rixner.pdf|Rixner, S., Dally, W. J., Kapasi, U. J., Mattson, P., & Owens, J. D. (2000). Memory access scheduling. Proceedings of the 27th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/mph_usenix_security07.pdf|Moscibroda, T., & Mutlu, O. (2007). Memory performance attacks: denial of memory service in multi-core systems. Proceedings of 16th USENIX Security Symposium.}}
   * {{http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/79625/MICRO2007.pdf|Onur Mutlu and Thomas Moscibroda, "Stall-Time Fair Memory Access Scheduling for Chip Multiprocessors", MICRO 2007. }}
   * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/memory-channel-partitioning-micro11.pdf|Sai Prashanth Muralidhara, Lavanya Subramanian, Onur Mutlu, Mahmut Kandemir, and Thomas Moscibroda, "Reducing Memory Interference in Multicore Systems via Application-Aware 
   * Memory Channel Partitioning", MICRO 2011.}}
   * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/raidr-dram-refresh_isca12.pdf|Liu et al., “RAIDR: Retention-Aware Intelligent DRAM Refresh,” ISCA 2012.}}
   * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/memory-scaling_memcon13.pdf|Onur Mutlu, "Memory Scaling: A Systems Architecture Perspective" Technical talk at MemCon 2013 (MEMCON), Santa Clara, CA, August 2013.}}
   * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~kevincha/papers/chang_hpca2014.pdf|Kevin Chang, Donghyuk Lee, Zeshan Chishti, Alaa Alameldeen, Chris Wilkerson, Yoongu Kim, Onur Mutlu, "Improving DRAM Performance by Parallelizing Refreshes with Accesses", In HPCA 2014, Orlando, Feb. 2014.}}
   * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~yoonguk/papers/kim-isca14.pdf | Yoongu Kim, Ross Daly, Jeremie Kim, Chris Fallin, Ji Hye Lee, Donghyuk Lee, Chris Wilkerson, Konrad Lai, Onur Mutlu, "Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them: An Experimental Study of DRAM Disturbance Errors", In ISCA-41, 2014.}}

===== Lecture 2 (1/14 Wed.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{00964437.pdf|Patt, Y. (2001). Requirements, bottlenecks, and good fortune: agents for microprocessor evolution. Proceedings of the IEEE.}}
  * {{moscibroda.pdf|Moscibroda, T., & Mutlu, O. (2007). Memory performance attacks: denial of memory service in multi-core systems. Proceedings of 16th USENIX Security Symposium.}}
  * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/PP_Chap1.pdf|P&P Chapter 1 (Fundamentals)]]
  * P&H Chapters 1 and 2 (Intro, Abstractions, ISA, MIPS)


**Mentioned during lecture:**
 
===== Lecture 3 (1/16 Fri.) =====
**Required:**
  * Note that you should familiarize yourself with these manuals. Please briefly skim through these manuals as you will probably need to refer to them while working on labs and homework
  * MIPS Architecture Reference Manual
    * {{mips_r4000_users_manual.pdf |Manual (the instruction set reference starts on pg.469)}}
  * Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer Manual (2013)
    * [[http://download.intel.com/products/processor/manual/325462.pdf|(15MB) Combined Volumes 1-3]]3

**Mentioned during lecture:**
  * {{paper_aklaiber_19jan00.pdf | Klaiber, "The Technology Behind CrusoeTM Processors", Transmeta White Paper, 2000}}

===== Lecture 4 (1/21 Wed.) =====
**Required:**
  * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/PP_Chap4.pdf|P&P Chapter 4 (The von Neumann Model)]]
  * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/pp-appendixa.pdf|P&P Appendix A (The LC-3b ISA)]]
  * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/pp-appendixc.pdf|P&P Appendix C (The Microarchitecture of the LC-3b, Basic Machine)]]

**Mentioned during lecture:**

===== Lecture 5 (1/23 Fri.) =====
**Required**
  * None

===== Lecture 6 (1/26 Mon.) =====
**Required:**
  * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/pp-appendixc.pdf|P&P Appendix C (The Microarchitecture of the LC-3b, Basic Machine)]]
  * P&H Appendix D (Mapping Control to Hardware)
**Optional:**
  * {{bestway.pdf|Wilkes, M. V. (1951). The best way to design an automatic calculating machine. Manchester University Computer Inaugural Conference.}}
**Mentioned during lecture:**

===== Lecture 7 (1/28 Wed.) =====
**Required:**
  * None

**Mentioned during lecture:**
  * {{bestway.pdf|Wilkes, M. V. (1951). The best way to design an automatic calculating machine. Manchester University Computer Inaugural Conference.}}
  * [[http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/68221/acrobat.pdf |Butler W. Lampson, “Hints for Computer System Design,” ACM Operating Systems Review, 1983.]]

===== Lecture 8 (2/2 Mon.) =====
**Required:**
  * P&H Sections 4.9-4.11
  * {{00476078.pdf|Smith, J. E., & Sohi, G. S. (1995). The microarchitecture of superscalar processors. Proceedings of the IEEE.}}
  * {{00004607.pdf|Smith, J. E., & Pleszkun, A. R. (1988). Implementing precise interrupts in pipelined processors. Computers, IEEE Transactions on.}}
  * {{mcfarling_-_1993_-_combining_branch_predictors.pdf|Mcfarling, S. (1993). Combining branch predictors. WRL Technical Note TN-36.}}
  * {{kessler_-_1999_-_the_alpha_21264_microprocessor.pdf|Kessler, R. E. (1999). The Alpha 21264 Microprocessor. IEEE Micro.}}

**Mentioned during lecture:**
  * {{p16-pettis.pdf|Pettis, K., & Hansen, R. C. (1990). Profile guided code positioning. Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1990 conference on Programming language design and implementation.}}

===== Lecture 9 (2/4 Wed.) =====
**Required:**
  * P&H Sections 4.9-4.11
  * {{00476078.pdf|Smith, J. E., & Sohi, G. S. (1995). The microarchitecture of superscalar processors. Proceedings of the IEEE.}}
  * {{00004607.pdf|Smith, J. E., & Pleszkun, A. R. (1988). Implementing precise interrupts in pipelined processors. Computers, IEEE Transactions on.}}
  * {{mcfarling_-_1993_-_combining_branch_predictors.pdf|Mcfarling, S. (1993). Combining branch predictors. WRL Technical Note TN-36.}}
  * {{kessler_-_1999_-_the_alpha_21264_microprocessor.pdf|Kessler, R. E. (1999). The Alpha 21264 Microprocessor. IEEE Micro.}}

**Mentioned during lecture:**
  * {{flash-memory-data-retention_hpca15.pdf|Yu Cai, Yixin Luo, Erich F. Haratsch, Ken Mai, and Onur Mutlu, Data Retention in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization, Optimization and Recovery, HPCA 2015.}}
  * {{adaptive-latency-dram_hpca15.pdf|Donghyuk Lee, Yoongu Kim, Gennady Pekhimenko, Samira Khan, Vivek Seshadri, Kevin Chang, and Onur Mutlu, Adaptive-Latency DRAM: Optimizing DRAM Timing for the Common-Case, HPCA 2015.}}
  * {{compression-aware-cache-management_hpca15.pdf|Gennady Pekhimenko, Tyler Huberty, Rui Cai, Onur Mutlu, Phillip P. Gibbons, Michael A. Kozuch, and Todd C. Mowry, Exploiting Compressed Block Size as an Indicator of Future Reuse, HPCA 2015.}}


===== Lecture 10 (2/6 Fri.) =====
**Required:**
  * P&H Sections 4.9-4.11
  * {{00476078.pdf|Smith, J. E., & Sohi, G. S. (1995). The microarchitecture of superscalar processors. Proceedings of the IEEE.}}
  * {{00004607.pdf|Smith, J. E., & Pleszkun, A. R. (1988). Implementing precise interrupts in pipelined processors. Computers, IEEE Transactions on.}}
  * {{mcfarling_-_1993_-_combining_branch_predictors.pdf|Mcfarling, S. (1993). Combining branch predictors. WRL Technical Note TN-36.}}
  * {{kessler_-_1999_-_the_alpha_21264_microprocessor.pdf|Kessler, R. E. (1999). The Alpha 21264 Microprocessor. IEEE Micro.}}

**Mentioned in the Lecture:**
  * {{p300-ball.pdf|Ball, T., & Larus, J. R. (1993). Branch prediction for free. Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1993 conference on Programming language design and implementation.}}
  * {{p135-smith.pdf|Smith, J. E. (1981). A study of branch prediction strategies. Proceedings of the 8th annual symposium on Computer Architecture.}}
  * {{yeh_patt_-_1991_-_two-level_adaptive_training_branch_prediction.pdf|Yeh, T.-Y., & Patt, Y. N. (1991). Two-level adaptive training branch prediction. Proceedings of the 24th annual international symposium on Microarchitecture.}}
  * {{p22-chang.pdf|Chang, P.-Y., Hao, E., Yeh, T.-Y., & Patt, Y. (1994). Branch classification: a new mechanism for improving branch predictor performance. Proceedings of the 27th annual international symposium on Microarchitecture.}}
  * {{hpca01.pdf|Daniel A. Jimenez and Calvin Lin. 2001. Dynamic Branch Prediction with Perceptrons. In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA '01)}}
  * {{Riseman.1972.TC.pdf|E. M. Riseman and C. C. Foster. 1972. The Inhibition of Potential Parallelism by Conditional Jumps. IEEE Trans. Comput. 21, 12 (December 1972)}}
  * {{p274-chang.pdf|Po-Yung Chang, Eric Hao, and Yale N. Patt. 1997. Target prediction for indirect jumps. ISCA'97.}}
  * {{kim_isca07.pdf|Hyesoon Kim, José A. Joao, Onur Mutlu, Chang Joo Lee, Yale N. Patt, and Robert Cohn. 2007. VPC prediction: reducing the cost of indirect branches via hardware-based dynamic devirtualization. ISCA'07}}

===== Lecture 11 (2/11 Wed.) =====
**Required:**

**Mentioned in the Lecture:**
  * {{p18-hwu.pdf|Hwu and Patt (1987). Checkpoint Repair for Out-of-order Execution Machines.}}
  * {{00004607.pdf|Smith, J. E., & Pleszkun, A. R. (1988). Implementing precise interrupts in pipelined processors. Computers, IEEE Transactions on.}}
  * {{ogehl.pdf | Seznec (2005). Analysis of the O-GEometric History Length Branch Predictor. ISCA}}
  * {{hpca01.pdf|Daniel A. Jimenez and Calvin Lin. 2001. Dynamic Branch Prediction with Perceptrons. In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA '01)}}

===== Lecture 12 (2/13 Fri.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{kessler_-_1999_-_the_alpha_21264_microprocessor.pdf|Kessler, R. E. (1999). The Alpha 21264 Microprocessor. IEEE Micro.}}

===== Lecture 13 (2/16 Mon.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{kessler_-_1999_-_the_alpha_21264_microprocessor.pdf|Kessler, R. E. (1999). The Alpha 21264 Microprocessor. IEEE Micro.}}
  * {{00476078.pdf|Smith, J. E., & Sohi, G. S. (1995). The microarchitecture of superscalar processors. Proceedings of the IEEE.}}
  * {{04523358.pdf|Lindholm, E., Nickolls, J., Oberman, S., & Montrym, J. (2008). NVIDIA Tesla: A Unified Graphics and Computing Architecture. Micro, IEEE.}}
  * {{p50-fatahalian.pdf|Fatahalian, K., & Houston, M. (2008). A closer look at GPUs. Commun. ACM.}}

===== Lecture 14 (2/18 Wed.) =====
** Required **
  * {{04523358.pdf|Lindholm, E., Nickolls, J., Oberman, S., & Montrym, J. (2008). NVIDIA Tesla: A Unified Graphics and Computing Architecture. Micro, IEEE.}}
  * {{p50-fatahalian.pdf|Fatahalian, K., & Houston, M. (2008). A closer look at GPUs. Commun. ACM.}}

**Mentioned during lecture:**
  * {{30470407.pdf|Fung, W. W. L., Sham, I., Yuan, G., & Aamodt, T. M. (2007). Dynamic Warp Formation and Scheduling for Efficient GPU Control Flow. Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture.}}
  * {{p253-suleman.pdf |Suleman, M. A., Mutlu, O., Qureshi, M. K., & Patt, Y. N. (2009). Accelerating critical section execution with asymmetric multi-core architectures. Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems.}}
  * {{01447203.pdf|Flynn, M. J. (1966). Very high-speed computing systems. Proceedings of the IEEE.}}
  * {{fisher_-_1983_-_very_long_instruction_word_architectures_and_the_eli-512.pdf|Fisher, J. A. (1983). Very Long Instruction Word architectures and the ELI-512. Proceedings of the 10th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{Smith-1982-Decoupled-Access-Execute-Computer-Architectures.pdf|Smith, J. E. (1982). Decoupled access/execute computer architectures. Proceedings of the 9th annual symposium on Computer Architecture.}}
  * {{p289-smith.pdf|Smith, J. E. (1984). Decoupled access/execute computer architectures. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}}
  * {{p199-smith.pdf|Smith, J. E., Dermer, G. E., Vanderwarn, B. D., Klinger, S. D., & Rozewski, C. M. (1987). The ZS-1 central processor. Proceedings of the second international conference on Architectual support for programming languages and operating systems.}}
  * {{00030730.pdf|Smith, J. E. (1989). Dynamic instruction scheduling and the Astronautics ZS-1. IEEE Computer.}}
  * {{kung_-_1982_-_why_systolic_architectures.pdf|Kung, H. T. (1982). Why Systolic Architectures? IEEE Computer.}}
  * {{annaratone_et_al._-_1986_-_warp_architecture_and_implementation.pdf|Annaratone, M., Arnould, E., Gross, T., Kung, H. T., & Lam, M. S. (1986). Warp architecture and implementation. Proceedings of the 13th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{annaratone_et_al._-_1987_-_the_warp_computer_architecture_implementation_and_performance.pdf|Annaratone, M., Arnould, E., Gross, T., Kung, H. T., & Lam, M. (1987). The warp computer: Architecture, implementation, and performance. IEEE Transactions on Computers.}}

===== Lecture 15 (2/20 Fri.) =====
** Required **
  * {{04523358.pdf|Lindholm, E., Nickolls, J., Oberman, S., & Montrym, J. (2008). NVIDIA Tesla: A Unified Graphics and Computing Architecture. Micro, IEEE.}}
  * {{p50-fatahalian.pdf|Fatahalian, K., & Houston, M. (2008). A closer look at GPUs. Commun. ACM.}}

**Mentioned during lecture:**
  * {{30470407.pdf|Fung, W. W. L., Sham, I., Yuan, G., & Aamodt, T. M. (2007). Dynamic Warp Formation and Scheduling for Efficient GPU Control Flow. Proceedings of the 40th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture.}}
  * {{fisher_-_1983_-_very_long_instruction_word_architectures_and_the_eli-512.pdf|Fisher, J. A. (1983). Very Long Instruction Word architectures and the ELI-512. Proceedings of the 10th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{Smith-1982-Decoupled-Access-Execute-Computer-Architectures.pdf|Smith, J. E. (1982). Decoupled access/execute computer architectures. Proceedings of the 9th annual symposium on Computer Architecture.}}
  * {{p289-smith.pdf|Smith, J. E. (1984). Decoupled access/execute computer architectures. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}}
  * {{p199-smith.pdf|Smith, J. E., Dermer, G. E., Vanderwarn, B. D., Klinger, S. D., & Rozewski, C. M. (1987). The ZS-1 central processor. Proceedings of the second international conference on Architectual support for programming languages and operating systems.}}
  * {{00030730.pdf|Smith, J. E. (1989). Dynamic instruction scheduling and the Astronautics ZS-1. IEEE Computer.}}
  * {{kung_-_1982_-_why_systolic_architectures.pdf|Kung, H. T. (1982). Why Systolic Architectures? IEEE Computer.}}
  * {{annaratone_et_al._-_1986_-_warp_architecture_and_implementation.pdf|Annaratone, M., Arnould, E., Gross, T., Kung, H. T., & Lam, M. S. (1986). Warp architecture and implementation. Proceedings of the 13th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{annaratone_et_al._-_1987_-_the_warp_computer_architecture_implementation_and_performance.pdf|Annaratone, M., Arnould, E., Gross, T., Kung, H. T., & Lam, M. (1987). The warp computer: Architecture, implementation, and performance. IEEE Transactions on Computers.}}
  * {{jog_orchestrated.pdf|Adwait Jog, Onur Kayiran, Asit K. Mishra, Mahmut T. Kandemir, Onur Mutlu, Ravishankar Iyer, and Chita R. Das. 2013. Orchestrated scheduling and prefetching for GPGPUs. ISCA '13}}
  * {{large-gpu-warps_micro11|Veynu Narasiman, Michael Shebanow, Chang Joo Lee, Rustam Miftakhutdinov, Onur Mutlu, and Yale N. Patt. 2011. Improving GPU performance via large warps and two-level warp scheduling.MICRO-44}}

===== Lecture 16 (2/23 Mon.) =====
**Mentioned during lecture:**
  * {{:mise-predictable_memory_performance-hpca13.pdf|Subramanian et al., “MISE: Providing Performance Predictability and Improving Fairness in Shared Main Memory Systems,” HPCA 2013}}
  * [[http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/mph_usenix_security07.pdf|Moscibroda, T., & Mutlu, O. (2007). Memory performance attacks: denial of memory service in multi-core systems. Proceedings of 16th USENIX Security Symposium.]]
  * {{kung_-_1982_-_why_systolic_architectures.pdf|Kung, H. T. (1982). Why Systolic Architectures? IEEE Computer.}}
  * {{01675827.pdf|Fisher, J. A. (1981). Trace Scheduling: A Technique for Global Microcode Compaction. IEEE Trans. Comput.}}
  * {{2fbf01205185.pdf|Hwu, W.-M. W., Mahlke, S. A., Chen, W. Y., Chang, P. P., Warter, N. J., Bringmann, R. A., Ouellette, R. G., et al. (1993). The superblock: an effective technique for VLIW and superscalar compilation. J. Supercomput.}}
  * {{p45-mahlke.pdf|Mahlke, S. A., Lin, D. C., Chen, W. Y., Hank, R. E., & Bringmann, R. A. (1992). Effective compiler support for predicated execution using the hyperblock. Proceedings of the 25th annual international symposium on Microarchitecture.}}
  * {{melvin_patt_-_1995_-_enhancing_instruction_scheduling_with_a_block-structured_isa.pdf|Melvin, S., & Patt, Y. (1995). Enhancing instruction scheduling with a block-structured ISA. Int. J. Parallel Program.}}
  * {{hao_et_al._-_1996_-_increasing_the_instruction_fetch_rate_via_block-structured_instruction_set_architectures.pdf|Hao, E., Chang, P.-Y., Evers, M., & Patt, Y. N. (1996). Increasing the instruction fetch rate via block-structured instruction set architectures. Proceedings of the 29th annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on Microarchitecture.}}
  * {{00877947.pdf|Huck, J., Morris, D., Ross, J., Knies, A., Mulder, H., & Zahir, R. (2000). Introducing the IA-64 architecture. IEEE Micro.}}
  * {{annaratone_et_al._-_1986_-_warp_architecture_and_implementation.pdf|Annaratone, M., Arnould, E., Gross, T., Kung, H. T., & Lam, M. S. (1986). Warp architecture and implementation. Proceedings of the 13th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{annaratone_et_al._-_1987_-_the_warp_computer_architecture_implementation_and_performance.pdf|Annaratone, M., Arnould, E., Gross, T., Kung, H. T., & Lam, M. (1987). The warp computer: Architecture, implementation, and performance. IEEE Transactions on Computers.}}
  *  {{fisher_-_1983_-_very_long_instruction_word_architectures_and_the_eli-512.pdf|Fisher, J. A. (1983). Very Long Instruction Word architectures and the ELI-512. Proceedings of the 10th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{Smith-1982-Decoupled-Access-Execute-Computer-Architectures.pdf|Smith, J. E. (1982). Decoupled access/execute computer architectures. Proceedings of the 9th annual symposium on Computer Architecture.}}
  * {{p289-smith.pdf|Smith, J. E. (1984). Decoupled access/execute computer architectures. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}}
  * {{:ilp_history_overview_perspective.pdf|Rau and Fisher, “Instruction-level parallel processing: history, overview, and perspective,” Journal of Supercomputing, 1993.}}
  * {{:ieee_proceedings_2001_-_compiler_techniques.pdf|Faraboschi et al., “Instruction Scheduling for Instruction Level Parallel Processors,” Proc. IEEE, Nov. 2001.
}}

===== Lecture 17 (2/25 Wed.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{00877947.pdf|Huck, J., Morris, D., Ross, J., Knies, A., Mulder, H., & Zahir, R. (2000). Introducing the IA-64 architecture. IEEE Micro.}}
  * P&H Chapters 5.1-5.3 (cache chapters)
  * Hamacher et al. Chapters 8.1-8.7 (cache/memory chapters)
  * {{wilkes_-_1965_-_slave_memories_and_dynamic_storage_allocation.pdf|Wilkes, M. V. (1965). Slave Memories and Dynamic Storage Allocation. IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers.}}
  * {{:liptay68.pdf|Liptay, “Structural aspects of the System/360 Model 85 II: the cache,” IBM Systems Journal, 1968.
}}

===== Lecture 18 (2/27 Fri.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{wilkes_-_1965_-_slave_memories_and_dynamic_storage_allocation.pdf|Wilkes, M. V. (1964). Slave Memories and Dynamic Storage Allocation. IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers.}}
  * {{A_Case_For_MLP_Aware_Cache_Replacement.pdf|nQureshi et al., “A Case for MLP-Aware Cache Replacement,“ ISCA 2006.}}
  * P&H Chapters 5.1-5.3 (cache chapters)
  * Hamacher et al. Chapters 8.1-8.7 (cache/memory chapters)

**Mentioned During Lecture:**
  * {{A_Study_of_replacement_algorithms_for_a_virtual-storage_computer.pdf|qBelady, “A study of replacement algorithms for a virtual-storage computer,” IBM Systems Journal, 1966.}}

===== Lecture 19 (3/2 Mon.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{wilkes_-_1965_-_slave_memories_and_dynamic_storage_allocation.pdf|Wilkes, M. V. (1964). Slave Memories and Dynamic Storage Allocation. IEEE Transactions on Electronic Computers.}}
  * {{A_Case_For_MLP_Aware_Cache_Replacement.pdf|Qureshi et al., “A Case for MLP-Aware Cache Replacement,“ ISCA 2006.}}
  * P&H Chapters 5.1-5.3 (cache chapters)
  * Hamacher et al. Chapters 8.1-8.7 (cache/memory chapters)

**Mentioned During Lecture:**
  * {{jouppi_-_1990_-_improving_direct-mapped_cache_performance_by_the_addition_of_a_small_fully-associative_cache_and_prefetch_buffers.pdf|Jouppi, N. P. (1990). Improving direct-mapped cache performance by the addition of a small fully-associative cache and prefetch buffers. Proceedings of the 17th annual international symposium on Computer Architecture.}}
  * {{mutlu_et_al._-_2003_-_runahead_execution_an_alternative_to_very_large_instruction_windows_for_out-of-order_processors.pdf|Mutlu, O., Stark, J., Wilkerson, C., & Patt, Y. N. (2003). Runahead Execution: An Alternative to Very Large Instruction Windows for Out-of-Order Processors. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture.}}
  * {{seznec_a_case_for_two_way_skewed_associative_caches.pdf|Seznec. A Case for Two-Way Skewed-Associative Caches. ISCA 1993.}}
  * {{seznec_a_case_for_two_way_skewed_associative_caches.pdf|Kroft. Lockup-Free Instruction Fetch/Prefetch Cache Organization. ISCA 1981.}}
  * {{qureshi_utility_based_cache_partitioning.pdf|Qureshi and Patt. Utility-Based Cache Partitioning: A Low-Overhead, High-Performance, Runtime Mechanism to Partition Shared Caches. MICRO 2006.}}
  * {{suh_new_memory_monitoring_scheme_for_memory_aware_scheduling_and_partitioning.pdf|Suh et al. A New Memory Monitoring Scheme for Memory-Aware Scheduling and Partitioning. HPCA 2002.}}

===== Lecture 20 (3/4 Wed.) =====
**Required:**
  * Section 5.4 in P&H
**Mentioned During Lecture:**
  * Section 8.8 in Hamacher et al.
  * {{megiddo.pdf|Megiddo and Modha, “ARC: A Self-Tuning, Low Overhead Replacement Cache,” FAST 2003.}}

===== Lecture 21 (3/23 Mon.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{tldram-lee.pdf| Lee et al., “Tiered-Latency DRAM: A Low Latency and Low Cost DRAM Architecture,” HPCA 2013. (Sections 1 and 2)}}
  * {{2012_isca_salp.pdf| Kim et al., “A Case for Subarray-Level Parallelism (SALP) in DRAM,” ISCA 2012. (Sections 1 and 2)}}
  * {{raidr-isca12.pdf| Liu et al., “RAIDR: Retention-Aware Intelligent DRAM Refresh,” ISCA 2012. (Sections 1 and 2)}}
  * {{main-memory-system_kiise15.pdf| Onur Mutlu, Justin Meza, and Lavanya Subramanian, "The Main Memory System: Challenges and Opportunities," Invited Article in Communications of the Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers (KIISE), 2015.}}
**Mentioned During Lecture:**
  * {{flipping_kim-isca14.pdf| Kim+, “Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them: An Experimental Study of DRAM Disturbance Errors,” ISCA 2014.}}
  * {{flash-memory-data-retention_hpca15.pdf| Yu Cai, Yixin Luo, Erich F. Haratsch, Ken Mai, and Onur Mutlu,
"Data Retention in MLC NAND Flash Memory: Characterization, Optimization and Recovery," 
Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA), Bay Area, CA, February 2015. }}
  * {{coarchitecting-kang.pdf| Kang+, "Co-Architecting Controllers and DRAM to Enhance DRAM Process Scaling"}}

===== Lecture 22 (3/25 Wed.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{tldram-lee.pdf| Lee et al., “Tiered-Latency DRAM: A Low Latency and Low Cost DRAM Architecture,” HPCA 2013. (Sections 1 and 2)}}
  * {{2012_isca_salp.pdf| Kim et al., “A Case for Subarray-Level Parallelism (SALP) in DRAM,” ISCA 2012. (Sections 1 and 2)}}
   * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/raidr-dram-refresh_isca12.pdf|Liu et al., “RAIDR: Retention-Aware Intelligent DRAM Refresh,” ISCA 2012.}}
  * {{main-memory-system_kiise15.pdf| Onur Mutlu, Justin Meza, and Lavanya Subramanian, "The Main Memory System: Challenges and Opportunities," Invited Article in Communications of the Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers (KIISE), 2015.}}
**Mentioned During Lecture:**
  * {{moscibroda.pdf| Moscibroda and Mutlu, “Memory performance attacks: Denial of memory service in multi-core systems,”USENIX Security 2007}}
  * {{moscibroda2007.pdf| Onur Mutluand Thomas Moscibroda, "Stall-Time Fair Memory Access Scheduling for Chip Multiprocessors" ISCA 2008}}
  * {{isca08.pdf| Onur Mutlu and Thomas Moscibroda, "Parallelism-Aware Batch Scheduling: Enhancing both Performance and Fairness of Shared DRAM," ISCA 2008}}
  * {{thread_cluster_mem_sched.pdf| Yoongu Kim, Michael Papamichael, Onur Mutlu, and Mor Harchol-Balter, "Thread Cluster Memory Scheduling: Exploiting Differences in Memory Access Behavior" 43rd International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO), pages 65-76, Atlanta, GA, December 2010}}
  * {{ATLAS.pdf| Yoongu Kim, Dongsu Han, Onur Mutlu, Mor Harchol-Balter, "ATLAS: A Scalable and High-Performance Scheduling Algorithm for Multiple Memory Controllers"}}

===== Lecture 23 (3/27 Fri.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{tldram-lee.pdf| Lee et al., “Tiered-Latency DRAM: A Low Latency and Low Cost DRAM Architecture,” HPCA 2013. (Sections 1 and 2)}}
  * {{2012_isca_salp.pdf| Kim et al., “A Case for Subarray-Level Parallelism (SALP) in DRAM,” ISCA 2012. (Sections 1 and 2)}}
   * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/raidr-dram-refresh_isca12.pdf|Liu et al., “RAIDR: Retention-Aware Intelligent DRAM Refresh,” ISCA 2012.}}
  * {{main-memory-system_kiise15.pdf| Onur Mutlu, Justin Meza, and Lavanya Subramanian, "The Main Memory System: Challenges and Opportunities," Invited Article in Communications of the Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers (KIISE), 2015.}}

**Mentioned During Lecture:**
  * {{moscibroda.pdf| Moscibroda and Mutlu, “Memory performance attacks: Denial of memory service in multi-core systems,”USENIX Security 2007}}
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/memory-channel-partitioning-micro11.pdf|Sai Prashanth Muralidhara, Lavanya Subramanian, Onur Mutlu, Mahmut Kandemir, and Thomas Moscibroda, "Reducing Memory Interference in Multicore Systems via Application-Awareness"}}
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/architecture-aware-distributed-resource-management_vee15.pdf | Wang et al., “A-DRM: Architecture-aware Distributed Resource Management of Virtualized Clusters,” VEE 2015.}}
  * {{p362-ebrahimi.pdf|Ebrahimi, E., Miftakhutdinov, R., Fallin, C., Lee, C. J., Joao, J. A., Mutlu, O., & Patt, Y. N. (2011). Parallel application memory scheduling. Proceedings of the 44th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture.}}
  * {{p335-ebrahimi.pdf|Ebrahimi, E., Lee, C. J., Mutlu, O., & Patt, Y. N. (2010). Fairness via source throttling: a configurable and high-performance fairness substrate for multi-core memory systems. Proceedings of the fifteenth edition of ASPLOS on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems.}}
  * {{bloom1970.pdf|Bloom, “Space/Time Trade-offs in Hash Coding with Allowable Errors”, CACM 1970}}
  * {{p60-liu.pdf|Liu et al., “An Experimental Study of Data Retention Behavior in Modern DRAM Devices,” ISCA 2013.}}
   * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~kevincha/papers/chang_hpca2014.pdf|Kevin Chang, Donghyuk Lee, Zeshan Chishti, Alaa Alameldeen, Chris Wilkerson, Yoongu Kim, Onur Mutlu, "Improving DRAM Performance by Parallelizing Refreshes with Accesses", In HPCA 2014, Orlando, Feb. 2014.}}

===== Lecture 24 (3/30 Mon.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/mutlu_hpca03.pdf | Mutlu et al., “Runahead Execution: An Alternative to Very Large Instruction Windows for Out-of-order Processors,” HPCA 2003.}}
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/TR-HPS-2006-006.pdf|Srinathet al., “Feedback directed prefetching”, HPCA 2007.}}

**Mentioned During Lecture:**
  * {{ramulator.pdf|Kim et al., “Ramulator: A Fast and Extensible DRAM Simulator,” IEEE Computer Architecture Letters 2015.}}
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/eaf-cache_pact12.pdf|Seshadri et al., “The Evicted-Address Filter: A Unified Mechanism to Address Both Cache Pollution and Thrashing,”PACT 2012.}}
  * {{http://hps.ece.utexas.edu/pub/TR-HPS-2010-002.pdf|Lee et al., “DRAM-Aware Last-Level Cache Writeback: Reducing Write-Caused Interference in Memory Systems,”HPS Technical Report, April 2010.}}
  * {{tldram-lee.pdf| Lee et al., “Tiered-Latency DRAM: A Low Latency and Low Cost DRAM Architecture,” HPCA 2013. (Sections 1 and 2)}}
  * {{2012_isca_salp.pdf| Kim et al., “A Case for Subarray-Level Parallelism (SALP) in DRAM,” ISCA 2012. (Sections 1 and 2)}}
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/rlmc_isca08.pdf|Ipek et al., “Self Optimizing Memory Controllers: A Reinforcement Learning Approach,”ISCA 2008}}
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/mutlu_ieee_micro06.pdf|Mutlu et al., "Efficient Runahead Execution: Power-Efficient Memory Latency Tolerance," ISCA 2005, IEEE Micro Top Picks 2006.}}
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/mutlu_micro05.pdf|Mutlu et al., "Address-Value Delta (AVD) Prediction," MICRO 2005.}}
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/armstrong_micro04.pdf|Armstrong et al., "Wrong Path Events," MICRO 2004.}}

===== Lecture 25 (4/1 Wed.) =====
**Required:**
  * {{main-memory-system_kiise15.pdf| Onur Mutlu, Justin Meza, and Lavanya Subramanian, "The Main Memory System: Challenges and Opportunities," Invited Article in Communications of the Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers (KIISE), 2015.}}

**Mentioned During Lecture:**
  * {{jouppi1990.pdf|Jouppi, “Improving Direct-Mapped Cache Performance by the Addition of a Small Fully-Associative Cache and Prefetch Buffers,” ISCA 1990.}}
  * {{http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu/pub/TR-HPS-2006-006.pdf|Srinathet al., “Feedback directed prefetching”, HPCA 2007.}}

===== Lecture 26 (4/3 Fri.) =====
** Required: **
  * {{main-memory-system_kiise15.pdf| Onur Mutlu, Justin Meza, and Lavanya Subramanian, "The Main Memory System: Challenges and Opportunities," Invited Article in Communications of the Korean Institute of Information Scientists and Engineers (KIISE), 2015.}}

** Mentioned during lecture: **
  * {{raidr-isca12.pdf|Liu et al., “RAIDR: Retention-Aware Intelligent DRAM Refresh,” ISCA 2012.}}
  * {{2012_isca_salp.pdf|Kim et al., “A Case for Exploiting Subarray-Level Parallelism in DRAM,” ISCA 2012.}}
  * {{TLDRAM-Lee.pdf|Lee et al., “Tiered-Latency DRAM: A Low Latency and Low Cost DRAM Architecture,” HPCA 2013.}}
  * {{p60-liu.pdf|Liu et al., “An Experimental Study of Data Retention Behavior in Modern DRAM Devices,” ISCA 2013.}}
  * {{rowclone_micro13.pdf|Seshadri et al., “RowClone: Fast and Efficient In-DRAM Copy and Initialization of Bulk Data,” MICRO 2013.}}
  * {{LCP.pdf|Pekhimenko et al., “Linearly Compressed Pages: A Main Memory Compression Framework,” MICRO 2013.}}
  * {{|Chang et al., “Improving DRAM Performance by Parallelizing Refreshes with Accesses,” HPCA 2014.}}
  * {{error-mitigation-for-intermittent-dram-failures_sigmetrics14.pdf|Khan et al., “The Efficacy of Error Mitigation Techniques for DRAM Retention Failures: A Comparative Experimental Study,” SIGMETRICS 2014.}}
  * {{luo_dsn14.pdf|Luo et al., “Characterizing Application Memory Error Vulnerability to Optimize Data Center Cost,” DSN 2014.}}
  * {{yoongu2014.pdf|Kim et al., “Flipping Bits in Memory Without Accessing Them: An Experimental Study of DRAM Disturbance Errors,” ISCA 2014.}}
  * {{meza_cal12.pdf|Meza et al., “Enabling Efficient and Scalable Hybrid Memories,” IEEE Comp. Arch. Letters 2012.}}
  * {{rowbuffer-aware-caching_iccd12.pdf|Yoon et al., “Row Buffer Locality Aware Caching Policies for Hybrid Memories,” ICCD 2012.}}
  * {{sttram_ispass13.pdf|Kultursay  et al., “Evaluating STT-RAM as an Energy-Efficient Main Memory Alternative,” ISPASS 2013. }}
  * {{meza_weed13.pdf|Meza  et al., “A Case for Efficient Hardware-Software Cooperative Management of Storage and Memory,” WEED 2013.}}
  * {{ISCA09.pdf|Lee  et al. “Architecting Phase Change Memory as a Scalable DRAM Alternative,” ISCA 2009.}}
  * Meza+, “Revisiting Memory Errors in Large-Scale Production Data Centers: Analysis and Modeling of New Trends from the Field,” DSN 2015.
  * Qureshi+, “AVATAR: A Variable-Retention-Time (VRT) Aware Refresh for DRAM Systems,” DSN 2015.
  * {{ramulator.pdf|Kim et al., “Ramulator: A Fast and Extensible DRAM Simulator,” IEEE Computer Architecture Letters 2015.}}
  * {{dirty-block-index_isca14.pdf|Seshadri+, “The Dirty-Block Index,” ISCA 2014.}}
  * {{bdi-compression_pact12.pdf|Pekhimenko+, “Base-Delta-Immediate Compression: Practical Data Compression for On-Chip Caches,” PACT 2012.}}
  * {{eaf-cache_pact12.pdf|Seshadri+, “The Evicted-Address Filter: A Unified Mechanism to Address Both Cache Pollution and Thrashing,” PACT 2012.}}
  * {{zhao-micro2014.pdf|Zhao+, “FIRM: Fair and High-Performance Memory Control for Persistent Memory Systems,” MICRO 2014.}}
  * {{a40-yoon.pdf|Yoon, Meza+, “Efficient Data Mapping and Buffering Techniques for Multi-Level Cell Phase-Change Memories,” ACM TACO 2014.}}
  * {{compression-aware-cache-management_hpca15.pdf|Gennady Pekhimenko, Tyler Huberty, Rui Cai, Onur Mutlu, Phillip P. Gibbons, Michael A. Kozuch, and Todd C. Mowry, Exploiting Compressed Block Size as an Indicator of Future Reuse, HPCA 2015.}}
  * {{06974684.pdf|Lu+, “Loose Ordering Consistency for Persistent Memory,” ICCD 2014.}}
  * {{mutlu_et_al._-_2003_-_runahead_execution_an_alternative_to_very_large_instruction_windows_for_out-of-order_processors.pdf|Mutlu, O., Stark, J., Wilkerson, C., & Patt, Y. N. (2003). Runahead Execution: An Alternative to Very Large Instruction Windows for Out-of-Order Processors. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture.}}
  * {{cooksey.pdf|Cooksey et al., “A stateless, content-directed data prefetching mechanism,” ASPLOS 2002.}}
  * {{zilles-2001.pdf|Zilles and Sohi, “Execution-based Prediction Using Speculative Slices”, ISCA 2001.}}
  * {{zilles-2000.pdf|Zilles and Sohi, ”Understanding the backward slices of performance degrading instructions,” ISCA 2000.}}
  * {{http://www.amazon.com/Inside-AS-400-Second-Edition/dp/1882419669|Frank Soltis,"Inside the AS/400"}}

===== Lecture 27 (4/6 Mon.) =====
** Required: **
  * {{amdahl_-_1967_-_validity_of_the_single_processor_approach_to_achieving_large_scale_computing_capabilities.pdf|Amdahl, G. M. (1967). Validity of the single processor approach to achieving large scale computing capabilities. Proceedings of the April 18-20, 1967, spring joint computer conference.}}
  * {{lamport_-_1979_-_how_to_make_a_multiprocessor_computer_that_correctly_executes_multiprocess_programs.pdf|Lamport, L. (1979). How to Make a Multiprocessor Computer That Correctly Executes Multiprocess Programs.}}
  * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/culler-mesi.pdf|C&S, Chapters 5.1 & 5.3]]
  * P&H, Chapter 5.8
** Recommended: **
  * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/hill_309_314.pdf|Hill, Jouppi, Sohi. "Multiprocessors and Multicomputers," pp. 551-560 in Readings in Computer Architecture.]]
  * (CMU WebISO) [[http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/cmu_only/hill_551_560.pdf|Hill, Jouppi, Sohi. "Dataflow and Multithreading," pp. 309-314 in Readings in Computer Architecture.]]
  * {{01447203.pdf|Flynn, M. J. (1966). Very high-speed computing systems. Proceedings of the IEEE.}}
  * {{papamarcos_patel_-_1984_-_a_low-overhead_coherence_solution_for_multiprocessors_with_private_cache_memories.pdf|Papamarcos, M. S., & Patel, J. H. (1984). A low-overhead coherence solution for multiprocessors with private cache memories. Proceedings of the 11th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
** Mentioned during lecture: **
  * {{p176-baer.pdf|Baer, J.-L., & Chen, T.-F. (1991). An effective on-chip preloading scheme to reduce data access penalty. Proceedings of the 1991 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing.}}
  * {{04147648.pdf|Srinath, S., Mutlu, O., Kim, H., & Patt, Y. N. (2007). Feedback Directed Prefetching: Improving the Performance and Bandwidth-Efficiency of Hardware Prefetchers. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE 13th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture.}}
  * {{joseph_grunwald_-_1997_-_prefetching_using_markov_predictors.pdf|Joseph, D., & Grunwald, D. (1997). Prefetching using Markov predictors. Proceedings of the 24th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{p279-cooksey.pdf|Cooksey, R., Jourdan, S., & Grunwald, D. (2002). A stateless, content-directed data prefetching mechanism. Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems.}}
  * {{04798232.pdf|Ebrahimi, E., Mutlu, O., & Patt, Y. N. (2009). Techniques for bandwidth-efficient prefetching of linked data structures in hybrid prefetching systems. High Performance Computer Architecture, 2009.}}
  * {{p186-chappell.pdf|Chappell, R. S., Stark, J., Kim, S. P., Reinhardt, S. K., & Patt, Y. N. (1999). Simultaneous subordinate microthreading (SSMT). Proceedings of the 26th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{p2-zilles.pdf|Zilles, C., & Sohi, G. (2001). Execution-based prediction using speculative slices. Proceedings of the 28th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{p40-luk.pdf|Luk, C.-K. (2001). Tolerating memory latency through software-controlled pre-execution in simultaneous multithreading processors. Proceedings of the 28th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{p172-zilles.pdf|Zilles, C. B., & Sohi, G. S. (2000). Understanding the backward slices of performance degrading instructions. Proceedings of the 27th annual international symposium on Computer architecture.}}
  * {{mutlu_et_al._-_2003_-_runahead_execution_an_alternative_to_very_large_instruction_windows_for_out-of-order_processors.pdf|Mutlu, O., Stark, J., Wilkerson, C., & Patt, Y. N. (2003). Runahead Execution: An Alternative to Very Large Instruction Windows for Out-of-Order Processors. Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture.}}
  * {{jouppi_-_1990_-_improving_direct-mapped_cache_performance_by_the_addition_of_a_small_fully-associative_cache_and_prefetch_buffers.pdf|Jouppi, N. P. (1990). Improving direct-mapped cache performance by the addition of a small fully-associative cache and prefetch buffers. Proceedings of the 17th annual international symposium on Computer Architecture.}}
18-447 Introduction to Computer Architecture – Spring 2015

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