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buzzword [2015/04/01 18:17]
rachata
buzzword [2015/04/27 18:20]
rachata
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       * How much did the prefetcher cause misses in the demand misses?       * How much did the prefetcher cause misses in the demand misses?
         * Hard to quantify         * Hard to quantify
 +
 +
 +===== Lecture 26 (4/3 Fri.) =====
 +
 +  * Feedback directed prefetcher
 +    * Use the result of the prefetcher as a feedback to the prefetcher
 +      * with accuracy, timeliness, polluting information
 +  * Markov prefetcher
 +    * Prefetch based on the previous history
 +    * Use markov model to predict
 +    * Pros: Can cover arbitary pattern (easy for link list traversal or trees)
 +    * Downside: High cost, cannot help with compulsory misses (no history)
 +  * Content directed prefetching
 +    * Indentify the content in memory for pointers (which is used as the address to prefetch
 +    * Not very efficient (hard to figure out which block is the pointer)
 +      * Software can give hints
 +  * Correlation table
 +    * Address correlation
 +  * Execution based prefetcher
 +    * Helper thread/​speculative thread
 +      * Use another thread to pre-execute a program
 +    * Can be a software based or hardware based
 +    * Discover misses before the main program (to prefetch data in a timely manner)
 +    * How do you construct the helper thread
 +    * Preexecute instruction (one example of how to initialize a speculative thread), slide 9
 +    * Thread-based pre-execution
 +  * Error tolerance
 +  * Solution to errors
 +    * Tolerate errors
 +      * New interface, new design
 +    * Eliminate or minimize errors
 +      * New technology, system-wide rethinking
 +    * Embrace errors
 +      * Map data that can tolerate errors to error-prone area
 +  * Hybrid memory systesm
 +    * Combining multiple memory technology together  ​
 +  * What can emerging technology help?
 +    * Scalability
 +    * Lower the cost
 +    * Energy efficiency
 +  * Possible solutions to the scaling problem
 +    * Less leakage DRAM
 +    * Heterogeneous DRAM (TL-DRAM, etc.)
 +    * Add more functionality to DRAM
 +    * Denser design (3D stack)
 +    * Different technology
 +      * NVM
 +  * Charge vs. resistice memory
 +    * How data is written?
 +    * How to read the data?
 +  * Non volatile memory
 +    * Resistive memory
 +      * PCM
 +        * Inject current to change the phase
 +        * Scales better than DRAM
 +          * Multiple bits per cell
 +            * Wider resistence range
 +        * No refresh is needed
 +        * Downside: Latency and write endurance
 +      * STT-MRAM
 +        * Inject current to change the polarity
 +      * Memristor
 +        * Inject current to change the structure
 +    * Pros and cons between different technologies
 +    * Persistency - data stay there even without power
 +      * Unified memory and storage management (persistent data structure) - Single level store
 +        * Improve energy and performance
 +        * Simplify programming model
 +  * Different design options for DRAM + NVM
 +    * DRAM as a cache
 +    * Place some data in DRAM and other in PCM
 +      * Based on the characteristics
 +        * Frequently accessed data that need lower write latency in DRAM
 +  ​
 +
 +===== Lecture 27 (4/6 Mon.) =====
 +  * Flynn'​s taxonomy
 +  * Parallelism
 +    * Reduces power consumption (P ~ CV^2F)
 +    * Better cost efficiency and easier to scale
 +    * Improves dependability (in case the other core is faulty
 +  * Different types of parallelism
 +    * Instruction level parallelism
 +    * Data level parallelism
 +    * Task level parallelism
 +  * Task level parallelism
 +    * Partition a single, potentially big, task into multiple parallel sub-task
 +      * Can be done explicitly (parallel programming by the programmer)
 +      * Or implicitly (hardware partitions a single thread speculatively)
 +    * Or, run multiple independent tasks (still improves throughput, but the speedup of any single tasks is not better, also simpler to implement)
 +  * Loosely coupled multiprocessor
 +    * No shared global address space
 +      * Message passing to communicate between different sources
 +    * Simple to manage memory
 +  * Tightly coupled multiprocessor
 +    * Shared global address space
 +    * Need to ensure consistency of data
 +    * Programming issues
 +  * Hardware-based multithreading
 +    * Coarse grained
 +    * Find grained
 +    * Simultaneous:​ Dispatch instruction from multiple threads at the same time
 +  * Parallel speedup
 +    * Superlinear speedup
 +  * Utilization,​ Redundancy, Efficiency
 +  * Amdahl'​s law
 +    * Maximum speedup
 +    * Parallel portion is not perfect
 +      * Serial bottleneck
 +      * Synchronization cost
 +      * Load balance
 +        * Some threads has more work, requires more time to hit the sync. point
 +  * Critical sections
 +    * Enforce mutually exclusive access to shared data
 +  * Issues in parallel programming
 +    * Correctness
 +    * Synchronization
 +    * Consistency
 +
 +
 +===== Lecture 28 (4/8 Wed.) =====
 +  * Ordering of instructions
 +    * Maintaining memory consistency when there are multiple threads and shared memory
 +    * Need to ensure the semantic is not changed
 +    * Making sure the shared data is properly locked when used
 +      * Support mutual exclusion
 +    * Ordering depends on when each processor is executed
 +    * Debugging is also difficult (non-deterministic behavior)
 +  * Dekker'​s algorithm
 +    * Inconsistency -- the two processors did NOT see the same order of operations to memory
 +  * Sequential consistency
 +    * Multiple correct global orders
 +    * Two issues:
 +        * Too conservative/​strict
 +        * Performance limiting
 +  * Weak consistency:​ global ordering when sync
 +    * programmer hints where the synchronizations are
 +    * Memory fence
 +    * More burden on the programmers
 +  * Cache coherence
 +    * Can be done in the software level or hardware level
 +  * Snoop-based coherence
 +    * A simple protocol with two states by broadcasting reads/​writes on a bus
 +  * Maintaining coherence
 +    * Needs to provide 1) write propagation and 2) write serialization
 +    * Update vs. Invalidate
 +  * Two cache coherence methods
 +    * Snoopy bus
 +      * Bus based, single point of serialization
 +      * More efficient with small number of processors
 +      * Processors snoop other caches read/write requests to keep the cache block coherent
 +    * Directory
 +      * Single point of serialization per block
 +      * Directory coordinates the coherency
 +      * More scalable
 +      * The directory keeps track of where the copies of each block resides
 +        * Supplies data on a read
 +        * Invalidates the block on a write
 +        * Has an exclusive state
 +
 +===== Lecture 29 (4/10 Fri.) =====
 +  * MSI coherent protocol
 +    * The problem: unnecessary broadcasts of invalidations
 +  * MESI coherent protocol
 +    * Add the exclusive state: this is the only cache copy and it is a clean state to MSI
 +    * Multiple invalidation tradeoffs
 +    * Problem: memory can be unnecessarily updated
 +    * A possible owner state (MOESI)
 +  * Tradeoffs between snooping and directory based coherence protocols
 +    * Slide 31 has a good summary
 +  * Directory: data structures
 +    * Bit vectors vs. linked lists
 +  * Scalability of directories
 +    * Size? Latency? Thousand of nodes? Best of both snooping and directory?
 +
 +    ​
 +===== Lecture 30 (4/13 Mon.) =====
 +  * In-memory computing
 +  * Design goals of DRAM
 +  * DRAM structures
 +    * Banks
 +    * Capacitors and sense amplifiers
 +    * Trade-offs b/w number of sense amps and cells
 +    * Width of bank I/O vs. row size
 +  * DRAM operations
 +    * ACTIVATE, READ/WRITE, and PRECHARGE
 +  * Trade-offs
 +    * Latency
 +    * Bandwidth: Chip vs. rank vs. bank
 +      * What's the benefit of having 8 chips?
 +    * Parallelism
 +  * RowClone
 +    * What are the problems?
 +    * Copying b/w two rows that share the same sense amplifier
 +    * System software support
 +  * Bitwise AND/OR
 +
 +===== Lecture 31 (4/15 Wed.) =====
 +
 +  * Application slowdown
 +  * Interference between different applications
 +    * Applications'​ performance depends on other applications that they are running with
 +  * Predictable performance
 +    * Why are they important?
 +    * Applications that need predictibility
 +    * How to predict the performance?​
 +      * What information are useful?
 +      * What need to be guarantee?
 +      * How to estimate the performance when running with others?
 +        * Easy, just measure the performance while it is running.
 +      * How to estimate the performance when the application is running by itself.
 +        * Hard if there is no profiling.
 +      * The relationship between memory service rate and the performance.
 +        * Key assumption: applications are memory bound
 +    * Behavior of memory-bound applications
 +      * With and without interference
 +  * Memory phase vs. compute phase
 +  * MISE
 +    * Estimating slowdown using request service rate
 +    * Inaccuracy when measuring request service rate alone
 +    * Non-memory-bound applications
 +    * Control slowdown and provide soft guarantee
 +  * Taking into account of the shared cache
 +    * MISE model + cache resource management
 +    * Aug tag store
 +      * Separate tag store for different cores
 +    * Cache access rate alone and shared as the metric to estimate slowdown
 +  * Cache paritiioning
 +    * How to determine partitioning
 +      * Utility based cache partitioning
 +      * Others
 +  * Maximum slowdown and fairness metric
 +    ​
 +
 +
 +===== Lecture 32 (4/20 Mon.) =====
 +
 +  * Heterogeneous systems
 +    * Asymmetric cores: different types of cores on the chip
 +      * Each of these cores are optimized for different workloads/​requirements/​goals
 +      * Multiple special purpose processors
 +      * Flexible and can adapt to workload behavior
 +      * Disadvantages:​ complex and high overhead
 +    * Examples: CPU-GPU systems, heterogeneity in execution models
 +    * Heterogeneous resources
 +      * Example: reliable and non-reliable DRAM in the same system
 +  * Key problems in modern systems
 +    * Memory system
 +    * Efficiency
 +    * Predictability
 +    * Assymmetric design can help solving these problems
 +  * Serialized code sections
 +    * Bottleneck in multicore execution
 +    * Parallelizable vs. serial portion
 +    * Accelerate critical section
 +    * Cache ping-ponging
 +      * Synchronization latency
 +    * Symmetric vs. assymmetric design
 +  * Large cores + small cores
 +    * Core assymmetry
 +  * Amdahl'​s law with heterogeneous cores
 +  * Parallel bottlenecks
 +    * Resource contention
 +      * Depends on what are running
 +  * Accelerated critical section
 +    * Ship critical sections to large cores
 +    * Small modifications and low overhead
 +    * False serialization might become the bottleneck
 +    * Can reduce parallel throughput
 +    * Effect on private cache misses and shared cache misses
 +    ​
 +  ​
 +===== Lecture 33 (4/27 Mon.) =====
 +
 +  * Interconnects
 +    * Connecting multiple components together
 +    * Goal: Scalability,​ flexibility,​ performance and energy efficiency
 +  * Metric: Performance,​ bandwidth, bisection bandwidth, cost, energy efficienct, system performance,​ contention, latency
 +    * Saturation point
 +      * Saturation throughput
 +  * Topology
 +    * How to wire components together, affects routing, throughput, latency
 +    * Bus: All nodes connected to a single ring
 +      * Hard to increase frequency, bandwidth, poor scalability but simple
 +    * Point-to-point
 +      * Low contention and potentially low latency. Costly, not scalable and hard to wire.
 +    * Crossbar
 +      * No contention. Concurrent request from different src/dest can be sent concurrently. Costly.
 +    * Multistage logarithmic network
 +      * Indirect network, low contention, multiple request can be sent concurrently. More scalable compared to crossbar.
 +      * Circuit switch
 +      * Omega network, delta network.
 +      * Butterfly network
 +      * Intermediate switch between sources and destinations
 +    * Switching vs. topology
 +    * Ring
 +      * Each node connected to two other nodes, forming a ring
 +      * Low overhead, high latency, not as scalable.
 +      * Unidirectional ring and bi-directional ring
 +    * Hierarchical Rings
 +      * Layers of rings. More scalable, lower latency.
 +      * Bridge router connect multiple rings together
 +    * Mesh
 +      * 4 input and output ports
 +      * More bisection bandwidth and more scalable
 +      * Easy to layout
 +      * Path diversity
 +      * Routers are more complex
 +    * Tree
 +      * Another hierarchical topology
 +      * Specialized topology
 +      * Good for local traffic
 +      * Fat tree: higher level have more bandwidth
 +      * CM-5 Fat tree
 +        * Fat tree with 4x2 switches
 +    * Hypercube
 +      * N-Dimensional cubes
 +      * Caltech cosmic cube
 +      * Very complex
 +  * Routing algorithm
 +    * How does message get sent from source to destination
 +    * Static or adaptive
 +    * Handling contention
 +      * Buffering helps handling contention, but adds complexity
 +    * Three types of routing algorithms
 +      * Deterministic:​ always takes the same path
 +      * Oblivious: takes different paths without taking into account of the state of the network
 +        * For example, Valiant algorithm
 +      * Adaptive: takes different paths taking into account of the state of the network
 +        * Non-minimal adaptive routing vs. minimal adaptive routing
 +      * Minimal path: path that has minimum number of hops
 +  * Buffering and flow control
 +    * How to store within the network
 +    * Handling oversubscription
 +    * Source throttling
 +    * Bufferless vs. buffered crossbars
 +    * Buffer overflow
 +    * Bufferless deflection routing
 +      * Deflect packets when there is contention
 +      * Hot-potato routing
 +
 +
 +    ​
buzzword.txt ยท Last modified: 2015/04/27 18:20 by rachata