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| ====== Buzzwords ====== | ====== Buzzwords ====== | ||
| - | Buzzwords are terms that are mentioned during lecture which are particularly important to understand thoroughly. This page tracks the buzzwords for each of the lectures and can be used as a reference for finding gaps in your understanding of course material. | + | Buzzwords are terms that are mentioned during lecture which are particularly important to understand thoroughly. This page tracks the buzzwords for each of the lectures and can be used as a reference for finding gaps in your understanding of course material. |
| - | + | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 1 (1/13 Mon.) ===== | + | |
| + | ===== Lecture 1 (1/12 Mon.) ===== | ||
| * Level of transformation | * Level of transformation | ||
| * Algorithm | * Algorithm | ||
| Line 10: | Line 9: | ||
| * Compiler | * Compiler | ||
| * Cross abstraction layers | * Cross abstraction layers | ||
| - | * Expose an interface | ||
| * Tradeoffs | * Tradeoffs | ||
| * Caches | * Caches | ||
| - | * Multi-thread | + | * DRAM/memory controller |
| - | * Multi-core | + | * DRAM banks |
| - | * Unfairness | + | |
| - | * DRAM controller/Memory controller | + | |
| - | * Memory hog | + | |
| * Row buffer hit/miss | * Row buffer hit/miss | ||
| * Row buffer locality | * Row buffer locality | ||
| - | * Streaming access/ Random access | + | * Unfairness |
| - | * DRAM refresh | + | * Memory performance hog |
| - | * Retention time | + | * Shared DRAM memory system |
| - | * Profiling DRAM retention time | + | * Streaming access vs. random access |
| + | * Memory scheduling policies | ||
| + | * Scheduling priority | ||
| + | * Retention time of DRAM | ||
| + | * Process variation | ||
| + | * Retention time profile | ||
| * Power consumption | * Power consumption | ||
| - | * Wimpy cores | ||
| * Bloom filter | * Bloom filter | ||
| - | * Pros/Cons | + | * Hamming code |
| - | * False Positive | + | * Hamming distance |
| - | * Simulation | + | * DRAM row hammer |
| - | * Memory performance attacks | + | |
| - | * RTL design | + | |
| - | ===== Lecture 2 (1/15 Wed.) ===== | + | ===== Lecture 2 (1/14 Wed.) ===== |
| - | + | ||
| - | * Optimizing for energy/ Optimizing for the performance | + | |
| - | * Generally you should optimize for the users | + | |
| - | * state-of-the-art | + | |
| - | * RTL Simulation | + | |
| - | * Long, slow and can be costly | + | |
| - | * High level simulation | + | |
| - | * What should be employed? | + | |
| - | * Important to get the idea of how they are implemented in RTL | + | |
| - | * Allows designer to filter out techniques that do not work well | + | |
| - | * Design points | + | |
| - | * Design processors to meet the design points | + | |
| - | * Software stack | + | |
| - | * Design decisions | + | |
| - | * Datacenters | + | |
| - | * MIPS R2000 | + | |
| - | * What are architectural techniques that improve the performance of a processor over MIPS 2000 | + | |
| * Moore's Law | * Moore's Law | ||
| + | * Algorithm --> step-by-step procedure to solve a problem | ||
| * in-order execution | * in-order execution | ||
| * out-of-order execution | * out-of-order execution | ||
| Line 64: | Line 45: | ||
| * Memory wall (a part of scaling issue) | * Memory wall (a part of scaling issue) | ||
| * Scaling issue | * Scaling issue | ||
| - | * Transister are getting smaller | + | * Transistor are getting smaller |
| + | * Key components of a computer | ||
| + | * Design points | ||
| + | * Design processors to meet the design points | ||
| + | * Software stack | ||
| + | * Design decisions | ||
| + | * Datacenters | ||
| * Reliability problems that cause errors | * Reliability problems that cause errors | ||
| * Analogies from Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" (Recommended book) | * Analogies from Kuhn's "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" (Recommended book) | ||
| - | * Pre paradigm science | + | * Pre-paradigm science |
| * Normal science | * Normal science | ||
| - | * Revolutionalry science | + | * Revolutionary science |
| * Components of a computer | * Components of a computer | ||
| * Computation | * Computation | ||
| * Communication | * Communication | ||
| - | * Storage | + | * Storage |
| - | * DRAM | + | * DRAM |
| - | * NVRAM (Non-volatile memory): PCM, STT-MRAM | + | * NVRAM (Non-volatile memory): PCM, STT-MRAM |
| - | * Storage (Flash/Harddrive) | + | * Storage (Flash/Harddrive) |
| * Von Neumann Model (Control flow model) | * Von Neumann Model (Control flow model) | ||
| * Stored program computer | * Stored program computer | ||
| - | * Properties of Von Neumann Model: Stored program, sequential instruction processing | + | * Properties of Von Neumann Model: Stored program, sequential instruction processing |
| - | * Unified memory | + | * Unified memory |
| - | * When does an instruction is being interpreted as an instruction (as oppose to a datum)? | + | * When does an instruction is being interpreted as an instruction (as oppose to a datum)? |
| - | * Program counter | + | * Program counter |
| - | * Examples: x86, ARM, Alpha, IBM Power series, SPARC, MIPS | + | * Examples: x86, ARM, Alpha, IBM Power series, SPARC, MIPS |
| * Data flow model | * Data flow model | ||
| * Data flow machine | * Data flow machine | ||
| Line 89: | Line 76: | ||
| * Operands | * Operands | ||
| * Live-outs/Live-ins | * Live-outs/Live-ins | ||
| - | * DIfferent types of data flow nodes (conditional/relational/barrier) | + | * Different types of data flow nodes (conditional/relational/barrier) |
| * How to do transactional transaction in dataflow? | * How to do transactional transaction in dataflow? | ||
| * Example: bank transactions | * Example: bank transactions | ||
| * Tradeoffs between control-driven and data-driven | * Tradeoffs between control-driven and data-driven | ||
| * What are easier to program? | * What are easier to program? | ||
| - | * Which are easy to compile? | + | * Which are easy to compile? |
| - | * What are more parallel (does that mean it is faster?) | + | * What are more parallel (does that mean it is faster?) |
| - | * Which machines are more complex to design? | + | * Which machines are more complex to design? |
| * In control flow, when a program is stop, there is a pointer to the current state (precise state). | * In control flow, when a program is stop, there is a pointer to the current state (precise state). | ||
| * ISA vs. Microarchitecture | * ISA vs. Microarchitecture | ||
| * Semantics in the ISA | * Semantics in the ISA | ||
| - | * uArch should obey the ISA | + | * uArch should obey the ISA |
| - | * Changing ISA is costly, can affect compatibility. | + | * Changing ISA is costly, can affect compatibility. |
| * Instruction pointers | * Instruction pointers | ||
| * uArch techniques: common and powerful techniques break Vonn Neumann model if done at the ISA level | * uArch techniques: common and powerful techniques break Vonn Neumann model if done at the ISA level | ||
| Line 109: | Line 96: | ||
| * Out-of-order executions | * Out-of-order executions | ||
| * etc. | * etc. | ||
| - | * Design techniques | + | * Design techniques |
| - | * Adder implementation (Bit serial, ripple carry, carry lookahead) | + | * Adder implementation (Bit serial, ripple carry, carry lookahead) |
| - | * Connection machine (an example of a machine that use bit serial to tradeoff latency for more parallelism) | + | * Connection machine (an example of a machine that use bit serial to tradeoff latency for more parallelism) |
| * Microprocessor: ISA + uArch + circuits | * Microprocessor: ISA + uArch + circuits | ||
| * What are a part of the ISA? Instructions, memory, etc. | * What are a part of the ISA? Instructions, memory, etc. | ||
| Line 120: | Line 107: | ||
| ===== Lecture 3 (1/17 Fri.) ===== | ===== Lecture 3 (1/17 Fri.) ===== | ||
| - | * Design tradeoffs | + | * Microarchitecture |
| - | * Macro Architectures | + | * Three major tradeoffs of computer architecture |
| - | * Reconfiguribility vs. specialized designs | + | * Macro-architecture |
| - | * Parallelism (instructions, data parallel) | + | * LC-3b ISA |
| - | * Uniform decode (Example: Alpha) | + | * Unused instructions |
| - | * Steering bits (Sub-opcode) | + | * Bit steering |
| - | * 0,1,2,3 address machines | + | * Instruction processing style |
| - | * Stack machine | + | * 0,1,2,3 address machines |
| - | * Accumulator machine | + | * Stack machine |
| - | * 2-operand machine | + | * Accumulator machine |
| - | * 3-operand machine | + | * 2-operand machine |
| - | * Tradeoffs between 0,1,2,3 address machines | + | * 3-operand machine |
| - | * Instructions/Opcode/Operade specifiers (i.e. addressing modes) | + | * Tradeoffs between 0,1,2,3 address machines |
| - | * Simply vs. complex data type (and their tradeoffs) | + | * Postfix notation |
| - | * Semantic gap | + | * Instructions/Opcode/Operand specifiers (i.e. addressing modes) |
| - | * Translation layer | + | * Simply vs. complex data type (and their tradeoffs) |
| - | * Addressability | + | * Semantic gap and level |
| - | * Byte/bit addressable machines | + | * Translation layer |
| - | * Virtual memory | + | * Addressability |
| - | * Big/little endian | + | * Byte/bit addressable machines |
| - | * Benefits of having registers (data locality) | + | * Virtual memory |
| - | * Programmer visible (Architectural) state | + | * Big/little endian |
| - | * Programmers can access this directly | + | * Benefits of having registers (data locality) |
| - | * What are the benefits? | + | * Programmer visible (Architectural) state |
| - | * Microarchitectural state | + | * Programmers can access this directly |
| - | * Programmers cannot access this directly | + | * What are the benefits? |
| - | * Evolution of registers (from accumulators to registers) | + | * Microarchitectural state |
| - | * Different types of instructions | + | * Programmers cannot access this directly |
| - | * Control instructions | + | * Evolution of registers (from accumulators to registers) |
| - | * Data instructions | + | * Different types of instructions |
| - | * Operation instructions | + | * Control instructions |
| - | * Addressing modes | + | * Data instructions |
| - | * Tradeoffs (complexity, flexibility, etc.) | + | * Operation instructions |
| - | * Orthogonal ISA | + | * Addressing modes |
| - | * Addressing modes that are orthogonal to instructino types | + | * Tradeoffs (complexity, flexibility, etc.) |
| - | * Vectors vs. non vectored interrupts | + | * Orthogonal ISA |
| - | * Complex vs. simple instructions | + | * Addressing modes that are orthogonal to instruction types |
| - | * Tradeoffs | + | * I/O devices |
| - | * RISC vs. CISC | + | * Vectored vs. non-vectored interrupts |
| - | * Tradeoff | + | * Complex vs. simple instructions |
| - | * Backward compatibility | + | * Tradeoffs |
| - | * Performance | + | * RISC vs. CISC |
| - | * Optimization opportunity | + | * Tradeoff |
| + | * Backward compatibility | ||
| + | * Performance | ||
| + | * Optimization opportunity | ||
| + | * Translation | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 4 (1/22 Wed.) ===== | + | ===== Lecture 4 (1/21 Wed.) ===== |
| - | * Semantic gap | + | * Fixed vs. variable length instruction |
| - | * Small vs. Large semantic gap (CISC vs. RISC) | + | * Huffman encoding |
| - | * Benefit of RISC vs. CISC | + | * Uniform vs. non-uniform decode |
| - | * Micro operations/microcode | + | * Registers |
| - | * Translate complex instructions into smaller instructions | + | * Tradeoffs between number of registers |
| - | * Parallelism (motivation for RISC) | + | * Alignments |
| - | * Compiler optimization | + | * How does MIPS load words across alignment the boundary |
| - | * Code optimization through translation | + | |
| - | * VLIW | + | |
| - | * Fixed vs. variable length instructions | + | |
| - | * Tradeoffs | + | |
| - | * Alignment issues? (fetch/decode) | + | |
| - | * Decoding issues? | + | |
| - | * Code size? | + | |
| - | * Adding additional instructions? | + | |
| - | * Memory bandwidth and cache utilization? | + | |
| - | * Energy? | + | |
| - | * Encoding in variable length instructions | + | |
| - | * Structure of Alpha instructions and other uniform decode instructions | + | |
| - | * Different type of instructions | + | |
| - | * Benefit of knowing what type of instructions | + | |
| - | * Speculatively operate future instructions | + | |
| - | * x86 and other non-uniform decode instructions | + | |
| - | * Tradeoff vs. uniform decode | + | |
| - | * Tradeoffs for different number of registers | + | |
| - | * Spilling into memory if the number of registers is small | + | |
| - | * Compiler optimization on how to manage which value to keep/spill | + | |
| - | * Addressing modes | + | |
| - | * Benefits? | + | |
| - | * Types? | + | |
| - | * Different uses of addressing modes? | + | |
| - | * Various ISA-level tradeoffs | + | |
| - | * Virtual memory | + | |
| - | * Unalign memory access/aligned memory access | + | |
| - | * Cost vs. benefit of unaligned access | + | |
| - | * ISA specification | + | |
| - | * Things you have to obey/specifie in the ISA specification | + | |
| - | * Architectural states | + | |
| - | * Microarchitecture implements how arch. state A transformed to the next arch. state A' | + | |
| - | * Single cycle machines | + | |
| - | * Critical path in the single cycle machine | + | |
| - | * Multi cycle machines | + | |
| - | * Functional units | + | |
| - | * Performance metrics | + | |
| - | * CPI/IPC | + | |
| - | * CPI of a single cycle microarchitecture | + | |
| - | ===== Lecture 5 (1/24 Fri.) ===== | + | ===== Lecture 5 (1/26 Mon.) ===== |
| + | * Tradeoffs in ISA: Instruction length | ||
| + | * Uniform vs. non-uniform | ||
| + | * Design point/Use cases | ||
| + | * What dictates the design point? | ||
| + | * Architectural states | ||
| + | * uArch | ||
| + | * How to implement the ISA in the uArch | ||
| + | * Different stages in the uArch | ||
| + | * Clock cycles | ||
| + | * Multi-cycle machine | ||
| + | * Datapath and control logic | ||
| + | * Control signals | ||
| + | * Execution time of instructions/program | ||
| + | * Metrics and what do they means | ||
| * Instruction processing | * Instruction processing | ||
| * Fetch | * Fetch | ||
| Line 221: | Line 187: | ||
| * Memory fetch | * Memory fetch | ||
| * Writeback | * Writeback | ||
| - | * Datapath & Control logic in microprocessors | + | * Encoding and semantics |
| * Different types of instructions (I-type, R-type, etc.) | * Different types of instructions (I-type, R-type, etc.) | ||
| * Control flow instructions | * Control flow instructions | ||
| Line 230: | Line 196: | ||
| * Critical path analysis | * Critical path analysis | ||
| * Critical path of a single cycle processor | * Critical path of a single cycle processor | ||
| - | * Combinational logic & Sequential logic | + | * What is in the control signals? |
| + | * Combinational logic & Sequential logic | ||
| * Control store | * Control store | ||
| * Tradeoffs of a single cycle uarch | * Tradeoffs of a single cycle uarch | ||
| - | * Dynamic power/Static power | ||
| - | * Speedup calculation | ||
| - | * Parallelism | ||
| - | * Serial bottleneck | ||
| - | * Amdahl's bottleneck | ||
| * Design principles | * Design principles | ||
| * Common case design | * Common case design | ||
| * Critical path design | * Critical path design | ||
| * Balanced designs | * Balanced designs | ||
| - | * Multi cycle design | + | * Dynamic power/Static power |
| + | * Increases in power due to frequency | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 6 (1/27 Mon.) ===== | + | ===== Lecture 6 (1/28 Mon.) ===== |
| + | * Design principles | ||
| + | * Common case design | ||
| + | * Critical path design | ||
| + | * Balanced designs | ||
| + | * Multi cycle design | ||
| * Microcoded/Microprogrammed machines | * Microcoded/Microprogrammed machines | ||
| * States | * States | ||
| + | * Translation from one state to another | ||
| * Microinstructions | * Microinstructions | ||
| * Microsequencing | * Microsequencing | ||
| Line 267: | Line 236: | ||
| * Variable latency memory | * Variable latency memory | ||
| * Handling interrupts | * Handling interrupts | ||
| - | * Difference betwen interrupts and exceptions | + | * Difference between interrupts and exceptions |
| * Emulator (i.e. uCode allots minimal datapath to emulate the ISA) | * Emulator (i.e. uCode allots minimal datapath to emulate the ISA) | ||
| * Updating machine behavior | * Updating machine behavior | ||
| Line 273: | Line 242: | ||
| * Vertical microcode | * Vertical microcode | ||
| * Primitives | * Primitives | ||
| + | | ||
| + | ===== Lecture 7 (1/30 Fri.) ===== | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 7 (1/29 Wed.) ===== | + | * Emulator (i.e. uCode allots minimal datapath to emulate the ISA) |
| + | * Updating machine behavior | ||
| + | * Horizontal microcode | ||
| + | * Vertical microcode | ||
| + | * Primitives | ||
| + | * nanocode and millicode | ||
| + | * what are the differences between nano/milli/microcode | ||
| + | * microprogrammed vs. hardwire control | ||
| * Pipelining | * Pipelining | ||
| * Limitations of the multi-programmed design | * Limitations of the multi-programmed design | ||
| * Idle resources | * Idle resources | ||
| * Throughput of a pipelined design | * Throughput of a pipelined design | ||
| - | * What dictacts the throughput of a pipelined design? | + | * What dictates the throughput of a pipelined design? |
| * Latency of the pipelined design | * Latency of the pipelined design | ||
| * Dependency | * Dependency | ||
| Line 300: | Line 277: | ||
| * Pipeline flush | * Pipeline flush | ||
| * Speculation | * Speculation | ||
| + | | ||
| + | ===== Lecture 8 (2/2 Mon.) ===== | ||
| + | |||
| * Interlocking | * Interlocking | ||
| * Multipath execution | * Multipath execution | ||
| Line 305: | Line 285: | ||
| * No-op (Bubbles in the pipeline) | * No-op (Bubbles in the pipeline) | ||
| * Valid bits in the instructions | * Valid bits in the instructions | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== Lecture 8 (1/31 Fri.) ===== | ||
| * Branch prediction | * Branch prediction | ||
| * Different types of data dependence | * Different types of data dependence | ||
| Line 335: | Line 313: | ||
| * Based on the profile info. position the code based on it | * Based on the profile info. position the code based on it | ||
| * Try to make the next sequential instruction be the next inst. to be executed | * Try to make the next sequential instruction be the next inst. to be executed | ||
| - | * Trace cache | ||
| * Predicate combining (combine predicate for a branch instruction) | * Predicate combining (combine predicate for a branch instruction) | ||
| * Predicated execution (control dependence becomes data dependence) | * Predicated execution (control dependence becomes data dependence) | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | ===== Lecture 9 (2/4 Wed.) ===== | ||
| * Definition of basic blocks | * Definition of basic blocks | ||
| * Control flow graph | * Control flow graph | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== Lecture 9 (2/3 Mon.) ===== | ||
| * Delayed branching | * Delayed branching | ||
| * benefit? | * benefit? | ||
| Line 358: | Line 336: | ||
| * Inst. from different thread can fill-in the bubbles | * Inst. from different thread can fill-in the bubbles | ||
| * Cost? | * Cost? | ||
| - | * Simulteneuos multithreading | + | * Simultaneuos multithreading |
| * Branch prediction | * Branch prediction | ||
| * Guess what to fetch next. | * Guess what to fetch next. | ||
| Line 367: | Line 345: | ||
| * Given the program/number of instructions, percent of branches, branch prediction accuracy and penalty cost, how to compute a cost coming from branch mispredictions. | * Given the program/number of instructions, percent of branches, branch prediction accuracy and penalty cost, how to compute a cost coming from branch mispredictions. | ||
| * How many extra instructions are being fetched? | * How many extra instructions are being fetched? | ||
| - | * What is the performance degredation? | + | * What is the performance degradation? |
| * How to reduce the miss penalty? | * How to reduce the miss penalty? | ||
| * Predicting the next address (non PC+4 address) | * Predicting the next address (non PC+4 address) | ||
| Line 374: | Line 352: | ||
| * Global branch history - for directions | * Global branch history - for directions | ||
| * Can use compiler to profile and get more info | * Can use compiler to profile and get more info | ||
| - | * Input set dictacts the accuracy | + | * Input set dictates the accuracy |
| * Add time to compilation | * Add time to compilation | ||
| * Heuristics that are common and doesn't require profiling. | * Heuristics that are common and doesn't require profiling. | ||
| * Might be inaccurate | * Might be inaccurate | ||
| * Does not require profiling | * Does not require profiling | ||
| - | * Programmer can tell the hardware (via pragmas (hints)) | + | * Static branch prediction |
| + | * Programmer provides pragmas, hinting the likelihood of taken/not taken branch | ||
| * For example, x86 has the hint bit | * For example, x86 has the hint bit | ||
| * Dynamic branch prediction | * Dynamic branch prediction | ||
| Line 386: | Line 365: | ||
| * One more bit for hysteresis | * One more bit for hysteresis | ||
| - | + | ===== Lecture 10 (2/6 Fri.) ===== | |
| - | ===== Lecture 10 (2/5 Wed.) ===== | + | |
| * Branch prediction accuracy | * Branch prediction accuracy | ||
| * Why are they very important? | * Why are they very important? | ||
| * Differences between 99% accuracy and 98% accuracy | * Differences between 99% accuracy and 98% accuracy | ||
| - | * Cost of a misprediction when the pipeline is veryd eep | + | * Cost of a misprediction when the pipeline is very deep |
| - | * Value prediction | + | |
| * Global branch correlation | * Global branch correlation | ||
| * Some branches are correlated | * Some branches are correlated | ||
| Line 404: | Line 380: | ||
| * What information are used | * What information are used | ||
| * Two-level branch prediction | * Two-level branch prediction | ||
| - | * What entries do you keep in the glocal history? | + | * What entries do you keep in the global history? |
| * What entries do you keep in the local history? | * What entries do you keep in the local history? | ||
| * How many table? | * How many table? | ||
| Line 414: | Line 390: | ||
| * Store both GHP and PC in one combined information | * Store both GHP and PC in one combined information | ||
| * How do you use the information? Why does the XOR result still usable? | * How do you use the information? Why does the XOR result still usable? | ||
| - | * Slides (page 16-18) for a good overview of one- and two-level predictors | ||
| * Warmup cost of the branch predictor | * Warmup cost of the branch predictor | ||
| * Hybrid solution? Fast warmup is used first, then switch to the slower one. | * Hybrid solution? Fast warmup is used first, then switch to the slower one. | ||
| * Tournament predictor (Alpha 21264) | * Tournament predictor (Alpha 21264) | ||
| - | * Other types of branch predictor | ||
| - | * Using machine learning? | ||
| - | * Geometric history length | ||
| - | * Look at branches far behind (but using geometric step) | ||
| * Predicated execution - eliminate branches | * Predicated execution - eliminate branches | ||
| * What are the tradeoffs | * What are the tradeoffs | ||
| - | * What is the block is big (can lead to execution a lot of useless work) | + | * What if the block is big (can lead to execution a lot of useless work) |
| * Allows easier code optimization | * Allows easier code optimization | ||
| * From the compiler PoV, predicated execution combine multiple basic blocks into one bigger basic block | * From the compiler PoV, predicated execution combine multiple basic blocks into one bigger basic block | ||
| Line 434: | Line 405: | ||
| * Use branch prediction on an easy to predict code | * Use branch prediction on an easy to predict code | ||
| * Use predicated execution on a hard to predict code | * Use predicated execution on a hard to predict code | ||
| - | * Compiler can be more aggressive in optimimzing the code | + | * Compiler can be more aggressive in optmizing the code |
| * What are the tradeoffs (slide# 47) | * What are the tradeoffs (slide# 47) | ||
| * Multi-path execution | * Multi-path execution | ||
| * Execute both paths | * Execute both paths | ||
| * Can lead to wasted work | * Can lead to wasted work | ||
| + | * VLIW | ||
| + | * Superscalar | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 11 (2/12 Wed.) ===== | + | ===== Lecture 11 (2/11 Wed.) ===== |
| - | * Call and return prediction | + | * Geometric GHR length for branch prediction |
| - | * Direct call is easy to predict | + | * Perceptron branch predictor |
| - | * Retun is harder (indirect branches) | + | |
| - | * Nested calls make return easier to predict | + | |
| - | * Can use stack to predict the return | + | |
| - | * Indirect branch prediction | + | |
| - | * These branches have multiple targets | + | |
| - | * For switch-case, virtual function calls, jump tables, interface calls | + | |
| - | * BTB to predict the target address - low accuracy | + | |
| - | * History based: BTB + GHR | + | |
| - | * Virtual program counter prediction | + | |
| - | * Complications in superscalar processors | + | |
| - | * Fetch? What if multiple branches are fetched at the same time? | + | |
| - | * Logic requires to ensure correctness? | + | |
| * Multi-cycle executions (Different functional units take different number of cycles) | * Multi-cycle executions (Different functional units take different number of cycles) | ||
| * Instructions can retire out-of-order | * Instructions can retire out-of-order | ||
| Line 462: | Line 423: | ||
| * Exceptions and Interrupts | * Exceptions and Interrupts | ||
| * When they are handled? | * When they are handled? | ||
| - | * Why are some interrupts should be handled right away? | + | * Why are some interrupts should be handled right away? |
| * Precise exception | * Precise exception | ||
| * arch. state should be consistent before handling the exception/interrupts | * arch. state should be consistent before handling the exception/interrupts | ||
| Line 470: | Line 431: | ||
| * Easier to restart the processes | * Easier to restart the processes | ||
| * How to ensure precise exception? | * How to ensure precise exception? | ||
| - | * Tradeoffs between each method | + | * Tradeoffs between each method |
| * Reorder buffer | * Reorder buffer | ||
| * Reorder results before they are visible to the arch. state | * Reorder results before they are visible to the arch. state | ||
| - | * Need to presearve the sequential sematic and data | + | * Need to preserve the sequential semantic and data |
| - | * What are the informatinos in the ROB entry | + | * What are the information in the ROB entry |
| * Where to get the value from (forwarding path? reorder buffer?) | * Where to get the value from (forwarding path? reorder buffer?) | ||
| * Extra logic to check where the youngest instructions/value is | * Extra logic to check where the youngest instructions/value is | ||
| - | * Content addressible search | + | * Content addressable search (CAM) |
| * A lot of comparators | * A lot of comparators | ||
| * Different ways to simplify the reorder buffer | * Different ways to simplify the reorder buffer | ||
| Line 487: | Line 448: | ||
| * Future file (commonly used, along with reorder buffer) | * Future file (commonly used, along with reorder buffer) | ||
| * Keep two set of register files | * Keep two set of register files | ||
| - | * An updated value (Speculative), called fiture file | + | * An updated value (Speculative), called future file |
| * A backup value (to restore the state quickly | * A backup value (to restore the state quickly | ||
| - | * Double the cost of the regfile, but reduce the area as you don't have to use a content addressible memory (compared to ROB alone) | + | * Double the cost of the regfile, but reduce the area as you don't have to use a content addressable memory (compared to ROB alone) |
| * Branch misprediction resembles Exception | * Branch misprediction resembles Exception | ||
| * The difference is that branch misprediction is not visible to the software | * The difference is that branch misprediction is not visible to the software | ||
| Line 498: | Line 459: | ||
| * Checkpointing | * Checkpointing | ||
| * Advantages? | * Advantages? | ||
| - | | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 14 (2/19 Wed.) ===== | ||
| + | ===== Lecture 12 (2/13 Fri.) ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Renaming | ||
| + | * Register renaming table | ||
| * Predictor (branch predictor, cache line predictor ...) | * Predictor (branch predictor, cache line predictor ...) | ||
| * Power budget (and its importance) | * Power budget (and its importance) | ||
| Line 523: | Line 486: | ||
| * Slides 28 --> register renaming | * Slides 28 --> register renaming | ||
| * Slides 30-35 --> Exercise (also on the board) | * Slides 30-35 --> Exercise (also on the board) | ||
| - | * This will be usefull for the midterm | + | * This will be useful for the midterm |
| * Register aliasing table | * Register aliasing table | ||
| + | * Broadcasting tags | ||
| + | * Using dataflow | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 15 (2/21 Fri.) ===== | + | |
| + | ===== Lecture 13 (2/16 Mon.) ===== | ||
| * OoO --> Restricted Dataflow | * OoO --> Restricted Dataflow | ||
| Line 534: | Line 500: | ||
| * Dispatch width | * Dispatch width | ||
| * Parallelism in the program | * Parallelism in the program | ||
| - | * More example on slide #10 | ||
| * What does it mean to be restricted data flow | * What does it mean to be restricted data flow | ||
| * Still visible as a Von Neumann model | * Still visible as a Von Neumann model | ||
| * Where does the efficiency come from? | * Where does the efficiency come from? | ||
| - | * Size of the scheduling windors/reorder buffer. Tradeoffs? What make sense? | + | * Size of the scheduling windows/reorder buffer. Tradeoffs? What make sense? |
| * Load/store handling | * Load/store handling | ||
| * Would like to schedule them out of order, but make them visible in-order | * Would like to schedule them out of order, but make them visible in-order | ||
| Line 545: | Line 510: | ||
| * This is one of the most complex structure of the load/store handling | * This is one of the most complex structure of the load/store handling | ||
| * What information can be used to predict these load/store optimization? | * What information can be used to predict these load/store optimization? | ||
| - | * Note: IPC = 1/CPI | ||
| * Centralized vs. distributed? What are the tradeoffs? | * Centralized vs. distributed? What are the tradeoffs? | ||
| * How to handle when there is a misprediction/recovery | * How to handle when there is a misprediction/recovery | ||
| + | * OoO + branch prediction? | ||
| + | * Speculatively update the history register | ||
| + | * When do you update the GHR? | ||
| * Token dataflow arch. | * Token dataflow arch. | ||
| * What are tokens? | * What are tokens? | ||
| Line 555: | Line 522: | ||
| * Difficulties? | * Difficulties? | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 16 (2/24 Mon.) ===== | + | ===== Lecture 14 (2/18 Wed.) ===== |
| * SISD/SIMD/MISD/MIMD | * SISD/SIMD/MISD/MIMD | ||
| Line 571: | Line 538: | ||
| * But the program needs to be very parallel | * But the program needs to be very parallel | ||
| * Memory can be the bottleneck (due to very high MLP) | * Memory can be the bottleneck (due to very high MLP) | ||
| - | * What does the functional units look like? Deep pipelin and simpler control. | + | * What does the functional units look like? Deep pipeline and simpler control. |
| * CRAY-I is one of the examples of vector processor | * CRAY-I is one of the examples of vector processor | ||
| * Memory access pattern in a vector processor | * Memory access pattern in a vector processor | ||
| * How do the memory accesses benefit the memory bandwidth? | * How do the memory accesses benefit the memory bandwidth? | ||
| - | * Please refer to slides 73-74 in http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/s13/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=onur-447-spring13-lecture25-mainmemory-afterlecture.pdf for a breif explanation of memory level parallelism | + | * Memory level parallelism |
| * Stride length vs. the number of banks | * Stride length vs. the number of banks | ||
| * stride length should be relatively prime to the number of banks | * stride length should be relatively prime to the number of banks | ||
| Line 582: | Line 549: | ||
| * What if there are multiple memory ports? | * What if there are multiple memory ports? | ||
| * Gather/Scatter allows vector processor to be a lot more programmable (i.e. gather data for parallelism) | * Gather/Scatter allows vector processor to be a lot more programmable (i.e. gather data for parallelism) | ||
| - | * Helps handling sparse metrices | + | * Helps handling sparse matrices |
| * Conditional operation | * Conditional operation | ||
| * Structure of vector units | * Structure of vector units | ||
| Line 595: | Line 562: | ||
| * Intel SSE --> Modern version of MMX | * Intel SSE --> Modern version of MMX | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 17 (2/26 Wed.) ===== | + | ===== Lecture 15 (2/20 Fri.) ===== |
| * GPU | * GPU | ||
| * Warp/Wavefront | * Warp/Wavefront | ||
| Line 613: | Line 579: | ||
| * Lower SIMD efficiency | * Lower SIMD efficiency | ||
| * What if you have layers of branches? | * What if you have layers of branches? | ||
| - | * Dynamic wrap formation | + | * Dynamic warp formation |
| * Combining threads from different warps to increase SIMD utilization | * Combining threads from different warps to increase SIMD utilization | ||
| * This can cause memory divergence | * This can cause memory divergence | ||
| Line 627: | Line 593: | ||
| * How to street the instruction (determine dependency/stalling)? | * How to street the instruction (determine dependency/stalling)? | ||
| * Instruction scheduling techniques (static vs. dynamic) | * Instruction scheduling techniques (static vs. dynamic) | ||
| - | * Systoric arrays | + | * Systolic arrays |
| * Processing elements transform data in chains | * Processing elements transform data in chains | ||
| * Develop for image processing (for example, convolution) | * Develop for image processing (for example, convolution) | ||
| * Stage processing | * Stage processing | ||
| + | | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 18 (2/28 Fri.) ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | * Tradeoffs of VLIW | ||
| - | * Why does VLIW required static instruction scheduling | ||
| - | * Whose job it is? | ||
| - | * Compiler can rearrange basic blocks/instruction | ||
| - | * Basic block | ||
| - | * Benefits of having large basic block | ||
| - | * Entry/Exit | ||
| - | * Handling entries/exits | ||
| - | * Trace cache | ||
| - | * How to ensure correctness? | ||
| - | * Profiling | ||
| - | * Fixing up the instruction order to ensure correctness | ||
| - | * Dealing with multiple entries into the block | ||
| - | * Dealing with multiple exits into the block | ||
| - | * Super block | ||
| - | * How to form super blocks? | ||
| - | * Benefit of super block | ||
| - | * Tradeoff between not forming a super block and forming a super block | ||
| - | * Ambiguous branch (after profiling, both taken/not taken are equally likely) | ||
| - | * Cleaning up | ||
| - | * What scenario would make trace cache/superblock/profiling less effective? | ||
| - | * List scheduling | ||
| - | * Help figuring out which instructions VLIW should fetch | ||
| - | * Try to maximize instruction throughput | ||
| - | * How to assign priorities | ||
| - | * What if some instructions take longer than others | ||
| - | * Block structured ISA (BS-ISA) | ||
| - | * Problems with trace scheduling? | ||
| - | * What type of program will benefit from BS-ISA | ||
| - | * How to form blocks in BS-ISA? | ||
| - | * Combining basic blocks | ||
| - | * multiples of merged basic blocks | ||
| - | * How to deal with entries/exits in BS-ISA? | ||
| - | * undo the executed instructions from the entry point, then fetch the new block | ||
| - | * Advantages over trace cache | ||
| - | * Benefit of VLIW + Static instruction scheduling | ||
| - | * Intel IA-64 | ||
| - | * Static instruction scheduling and VLIW | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== Lecture 19 (3/19 Wed.) ===== | ||
| + | ===== Lecture 16 (2/23 Mon.) ===== | ||
| + | * Systolic arrays | ||
| + | * Processing elements transform data in chains | ||
| + | * Can be arrays of multi-dimensional processing elements | ||
| + | * Develop for image processing (for example, convolution) | ||
| + | * Can be use to break stages in pipeline programs, using a set of queues and processing elements | ||
| + | * Can enable high concurrency and good for regular programs | ||
| + | * Very special purpose | ||
| + | * The warp computer | ||
| + | * Static instruction scheduling | ||
| + | * How do we find the next instruction to execute? | ||
| + | * Live-in and live-out | ||
| + | * Basic blocks | ||
| + | * Rearranging instructions in the basic block | ||
| + | * Code movement from one basic block to another | ||
| + | * Straight line code | ||
| + | * Independent instructions | ||
| + | * How to identify independent instructions | ||
| + | * Atomicity | ||
| + | * Trace scheduling | ||
| + | * Side entrance | ||
| + | * Fixed up code | ||
| + | * How scheduling is done | ||
| + | * Instruction scheduling | ||
| + | * Prioritization heuristics | ||
| + | * Superblock | ||
| + | * Traces with no side-entrance | ||
| + | * Hyperblock | ||
| + | * BS-ISA | ||
| + | * Tradeoffs between trace cache/Hyperblock/Superblock/BS-ISA | ||
| + | | ||
| + | ===== Lecture 17 (2/25 Wed.) ===== | ||
| + | * IA-64 | ||
| + | * EPIC | ||
| + | * IA-64 instruction bundle | ||
| + | * Multiple instructions in the bundle along with the template bit | ||
| + | * Template bits | ||
| + | * Stop bits | ||
| + | * Non-faulting loads and exception propagation | ||
| + | * Aggressive ST-LD reordering | ||
| + | * Physical memory system | ||
| + | * Ideal pipelines | ||
| * Ideal cache | * Ideal cache | ||
| * More capacity | * More capacity | ||
| Line 682: | Line 649: | ||
| * DRAM cell | * DRAM cell | ||
| * Cheap | * Cheap | ||
| - | * Sense the purturbation through sense amplifier | + | * Sense the perturbation through sense amplifier |
| * Slow and leaky | * Slow and leaky | ||
| * SRAM cell (Cross coupled inverter) | * SRAM cell (Cross coupled inverter) | ||
| Line 689: | Line 656: | ||
| * Memory bank | * Memory bank | ||
| * Read access sequence | * Read access sequence | ||
| - | * DRAM: Activate -> Read -> Precharge (if needed) | + | * DRAM: Activate -> Read -> Precharge (if needed) |
| - | * What dominate the access laatency for DRAM and SRAM | + | * What dominate the access latency for DRAM and SRAM |
| * Scaling issue | * Scaling issue | ||
| * Hard to scale the scale to be small | * Hard to scale the scale to be small | ||
| Line 718: | Line 685: | ||
| * Cost and benefit of having more associativity | * Cost and benefit of having more associativity | ||
| * Given the associativity, which block should be replace if it is full | * Given the associativity, which block should be replace if it is full | ||
| - | * Replacement poligy | + | * Replacement policy |
| * Random | * Random | ||
| * Least recently used (LRU) | * Least recently used (LRU) | ||
| Line 729: | Line 696: | ||
| * Approximate LRU | * Approximate LRU | ||
| * Victim and next Victim policy | * Victim and next Victim policy | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 20 (3/21 Fri.) ===== | + | ===== Lecture 18 (2/27 Fri.) ===== |
| + | * Tag store and data store | ||
| + | * Cache hit rate | ||
| + | * Average memory access time (AMAT) | ||
| + | * AMAT vs. Stall time | ||
| + | * Cache basics | ||
| + | * Direct mapped vs. associative cache | ||
| + | * Set/block (line)/Placement/replacement | ||
| + | * How do tag and index get used? | ||
| + | * Full associativity | ||
| + | * Set associative cache | ||
| + | * insertion, promotion, eviction (replacement) | ||
| + | * Various replacement policies | ||
| + | * How to implement LRU | ||
| + | * How to keep track of access ordering | ||
| + | * Complexity increases rapidly | ||
| + | * Approximate LRU | ||
| + | * Victim and next Victim policy | ||
| * Set thrashing | * Set thrashing | ||
| * Working set is bigger than the associativity | * Working set is bigger than the associativity | ||
| Line 737: | Line 720: | ||
| * Is this optimal? | * Is this optimal? | ||
| * Complexity? | * Complexity? | ||
| - | * Similarity between cache and page table | + | * DRAM as a cache for disk |
| - | * Number of blocks vs pages | + | |
| - | * Time to find the block/page to replace | + | |
| * Handling writes | * Handling writes | ||
| * Write through | * Write through | ||
| Line 754: | Line 735: | ||
| * In the first level cache | * In the first level cache | ||
| * Cache access | * Cache access | ||
| - | * First level access | + | * First level access |
| * Second level access | * Second level access | ||
| * When to start the second level access | * When to start the second level access | ||
| - | * Performance vs. energy | + | * Cache performance |
| - | * Address translation | + | * capacity |
| - | * Homonym and Synonyms | + | * block size |
| - | * Homonym: Same VA but maps to different PA | + | * associativity |
| - | * With multiple processes | + | * Classification of cache misses |
| - | * Synonyms: Multiple VAs map to the same PA | + | ===== Lecture 19 (03/02 Mon.) ===== |
| - | * Shared libraries, shared data, copy-on-write | + | |
| - | * I/O | + | |
| - | * Can these create problems when we have the cache | + | |
| - | * How to eliminate these problems? | + | |
| - | * Page coloring | + | |
| - | * Interaction between cache and TLB | + | |
| - | * Virtually indexed vs. physically indexed | + | |
| - | * Virtually tagged vs. physically tagged | + | |
| - | * Virtually indexed physically tagged | + | |
| - | * Virtual memory in DRAM | + | |
| - | * Control where data is mapped to in channel/rank/bank | + | |
| - | * More parallelism | + | |
| - | * Reduce interference | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 21 (3/24 Mon.) ===== | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | * Different parameters that affect cache miss | + | |
| - | * Thrashing | + | |
| - | * Different types of cache misses | + | |
| - | * Compulsory misses | + | |
| - | * Can mitigate with prefetches | + | |
| - | * Capacity misses | + | |
| - | * More assoc | + | |
| - | * Victim cache | + | |
| - | * Conflict misses | + | |
| - | * Hashing | + | |
| - | * Large block vs. small block | + | |
| * Subblocks | * Subblocks | ||
| * Victim cache | * Victim cache | ||
| Line 811: | Line 763: | ||
| * What information goes into the MSHR? | * What information goes into the MSHR? | ||
| * When do you access the MSHR? | * When do you access the MSHR? | ||
| + | * Memory banks | ||
| + | * Shared caches in multi-core processors | ||
| + | ===== Lecture 20 (03/04 Wed.) ===== | ||
| + | * Virtual vs. physical memory | ||
| + | * System's management on memory | ||
| + | * Benefits | ||
| + | * Problem: physical memory has limited size | ||
| + | * Mechanisms: indirection, virtual addresses, and translation | ||
| + | * Demand paging | ||
| + | * Physical memory as a cache | ||
| + | * Tasks of system SW for VM | ||
| + | * Serving a page fault | ||
| + | * Address translation | ||
| + | * Page table | ||
| + | * PTE (page table entry) | ||
| + | * Page replacement algorithm | ||
| + | * CLOCK algo. | ||
| + | * Inverted page table | ||
| + | * Page size trade-offs | ||
| + | * Protection | ||
| + | * Multi-level page tables | ||
| + | * x86 implementation of page table | ||
| + | * TLB | ||
| + | * Handling misses | ||
| + | * When to do address translation? | ||
| + | * Homonym and Synonyms | ||
| + | * Homonym: Same VA but maps to different PA with multiple processes | ||
| + | * Synonyms: Multiple VAs map to the same PA | ||
| + | * Shared libraries, shared data, copy-on-write | ||
| + | * Virtually indexed vs. physically indexed | ||
| + | * Virtually tagged vs. physically tagged | ||
| + | * Virtually indexed physically tagged | ||
| + | * Can these create problems when we have the cache | ||
| + | * How to eliminate these problems? | ||
| + | * Page coloring | ||
| + | * Interaction between cache and TLB | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 22 (3/26 Wed.) ===== | + | ===== Lecture 21 (03/23 Mon.) ===== |
| - | + | ||
| + | * DRAM scaling problem | ||
| + | * Demands/trends affecting the main memory | ||
| + | * More capacity | ||
| + | * Low energy | ||
| + | * More bandwidth | ||
| + | * QoS | ||
| + | * ECC in DRAM | ||
| * Multi-porting | * Multi-porting | ||
| * Virtual multi-porting | * Virtual multi-porting | ||
| Line 822: | Line 815: | ||
| * True multiporting | * True multiporting | ||
| * Multiple cache copies | * Multiple cache copies | ||
| + | * Alignment | ||
| * Banking | * Banking | ||
| * Can have bank conflict | * Can have bank conflict | ||
| Line 827: | Line 821: | ||
| * Address mapping can mitigate bank conflict | * Address mapping can mitigate bank conflict | ||
| * Common in main memory (note that regFile in GPU is also banked, but mainly for the pupose of reducing complexity) | * Common in main memory (note that regFile in GPU is also banked, but mainly for the pupose of reducing complexity) | ||
| + | * Bank mapping | ||
| + | * How to avoid bank conflicts? | ||
| + | * Channel mapping | ||
| + | * Address mapping to minimize bank conflict | ||
| + | * Page coloring | ||
| + | * Virtual to physical mapping that can help reducing conflicts | ||
| * Accessing DRAM | * Accessing DRAM | ||
| * Row bits | * Row bits | ||
| Line 832: | Line 832: | ||
| * Addressibility | * Addressibility | ||
| * DRAM has its own clock | * DRAM has its own clock | ||
| + | * Sense amplifier | ||
| + | * Bit lines | ||
| + | * Word lines | ||
| * DRAM (2T) vs. SRAM (6T) | * DRAM (2T) vs. SRAM (6T) | ||
| * Cost | * Cost | ||
| Line 844: | Line 847: | ||
| * DRAM Channel | * DRAM Channel | ||
| * An interface to DRAM, each with its own ranks/banks | * An interface to DRAM, each with its own ranks/banks | ||
| + | * DRAM Chip | ||
| * DIMM | * DIMM | ||
| * More DIMM adds the interconnect complexity | * More DIMM adds the interconnect complexity | ||
| Line 869: | Line 873: | ||
| * Send requests whenever the request can be sent to the bank | * Send requests whenever the request can be sent to the bank | ||
| * Determine which command (across banks) should be sent to DRAM | * Determine which command (across banks) should be sent to DRAM | ||
| - | * Priority of demand vs. prefetch requests | ||
| - | * Memory scheduling policies | ||
| - | * FCFS | ||
| - | * FR-FCFS | ||
| - | * Capped FR-FCFS: FR-FCFS with a timeout | ||
| - | * Usually this is done in a command level (read/write commands and precharge/activate commands) | ||
| - | | ||
| - | | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 23 (3/28 Fri.) ===== | ||
| + | ===== Lecture 22 (03/25 Wed.) ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | * Flash controller | ||
| + | * Flash memory | ||
| + | * Garbage collection in flash | ||
| + | * Overhead in flash memory | ||
| + | * Erase (off the critical path, but takes a long time) | ||
| + | * Different types of DRAM | ||
| * DRAM design choices | * DRAM design choices | ||
| * Cost/density/latency/BW/Yield | * Cost/density/latency/BW/Yield | ||
| Line 894: | Line 899: | ||
| * Benefit of TL-DRAM | * Benefit of TL-DRAM | ||
| * TL-DRAM vs. DRAM cache (adding a small cache in DRAM) | * TL-DRAM vs. DRAM cache (adding a small cache in DRAM) | ||
| - | + | * List of commands to read/write data into DRAM | |
| - | + | * Activate -> read/write -> precharge | |
| - | + | * Activate moves data into the row buffer | |
| - | + | * Precharge prepare the bank for the next access | |
| - | ===== Lecture 24 (3/31 Mon.) ===== | + | * Row buffer hit |
| - | + | * Row buffer conflict | |
| + | * Scheduling memory requests to lower row conflicts | ||
| + | * Burst mode of DRAM | ||
| + | * Prefetch 32-bits from an 8-bit interface if DRAM needs to read 32 bits | ||
| + | * Address mapping | ||
| + | * Row interleaved | ||
| + | * Cache block interleaved | ||
| * Memory controller | * Memory controller | ||
| - | * Different commands | + | * Sending DRAM commands |
| - | * Memory scheduler | + | * Periodically send commands to refresh DRAM cells |
| - | * Determine the order of requests to be issued to DRAM | + | * Ensure correctness and data integrity |
| - | * Age/hit-miss status/types(load/store/prefetch/from GPU/from CPU)/criticality | + | * Where to place the memory controller |
| - | * Row buffer | + | * On CPU chip vs. at the main memory |
| - | * hit/conflict | + | * Higher BW on-chip |
| - | * open/closed row | + | * Determine the order of requests that will be serviced in DRAM |
| - | * Open row policy | + | * Request queues that hold requests |
| - | * Closed row policy | + | * Send requests whenever the request can be sent to the bank |
| - | * Tradeoffs between open and closed row policy | + | * Determine which command (across banks) should be sent to DRAM |
| - | * What if the programs has high row buffer locality: open row might benefit more | + | * Priority of demand vs. prefetch requests |
| - | * Closed row will service misses request faster | + | * Memory scheduling policies |
| - | * Bank conflict | + | * FCFS |
| - | * Interference from different applications/threads | + | * FR-FCFS |
| - | * Differnt programs/processes/threads interfere with each other | + | * Try to maximize row buffer hit rate |
| - | * introduce more row buffer/bank conflicts | + | * Capped FR-FCFS: FR-FCFS with a timeout |
| - | * Memory schedule has to manage these interference | + | * Usually this is done in a command level (read/write commands and precharge/activate commands) |
| - | * Memory hog problems | + | * PAR-BS |
| - | * Interference in the data/command bus | + | * Key benefits |
| - | * FR-FCFS | + | * stall time |
| - | * Why does FR-FCFS make sense? | + | * shortest job first |
| - | * Row buffer has lower lantecy | + | * STFM |
| - | * Issues with FR-FCFS | + | * ATLAS |
| - | * Unfairness | + | * TCM |
| - | * STFM | + | * Key benefits |
| - | * Fairness issue in memory scheduling | + | * Configurability |
| - | * How does STFM calculate the fairness and slowdown | + | * Fairness + performance at the same time |
| - | * How to estimate slowdown time when it is runing alone | + | * Robuestness isuees |
| - | * Definition of fairness (based on STFM, different papers/areas define fairness differently) | + | * Open row policy |
| - | * PAR-BS | + | * Closed row policy |
| - | * Parallelism in programs | + | * QoS |
| - | * Intereference across banks | + | * QoS issues in memory scheduling |
| - | * How to form a batch | + | * Fairness |
| - | * How to determine ranking between batches/within a batch | + | * Performance guarantee |
| - | | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 25 (2/2 Wed.) ===== | + | |
| - | |||
| - | * Latency sensitivity | ||
| - | * Performance drops a lot when the memory request latency is long | ||
| - | * TCM | ||
| - | * Tradeoff between throughput and fairness | ||
| - | * Latency sensitive cluster (non-intensive cluster) | ||
| - | * Ranking based on memory intensity | ||
| - | * Bandwidth intensive cluster | ||
| - | * Round robin within the cluster | ||
| - | * Generally latency sensitive cluster has more priority | ||
| - | * Provide robust fairness vs. throughput | ||
| - | * Complexity of TCM? | ||
| - | * Different ways to control interference in DRAM | ||
| - | * Partitioning of resource | ||
| - | * Channel partitioning: map applications that interfere with each other in a different channel | ||
| - | * Keep track of application's characteristics | ||
| - | * Dedicate a channel might waste the bandwidth | ||
| - | * Need OS support to determine the channel bits | ||
| - | * Source throttling | ||
| - | * A controller throttle the core depends on the performance target | ||
| - | * Example: Fairness via source throttling | ||
| - | * Detect unfairness and throttle application that is interfering | ||
| - | * How do you estimate slowdown? | ||
| - | * Threshold based solution: hard to configure | ||
| - | * App/thread scheduling | ||
| - | * Critical threads usually stall the progress | ||
| - | * Designing DRAM controller | ||
| - | * Has to handle the normal DRAM operations | ||
| - | * Read/write/refresh/all the timing constraints | ||
| - | * Keep track of resources | ||
| - | * Assign priorities to different requests | ||
| - | * Manage requests to banks | ||
| - | * Self-optimizing controller | ||
| - | * Use machine learning to improve DRAM controller | ||
| - | * DRAM Refresh | ||
| - | * Why does DRAM has to refresh every 64ms | ||
| - | * Banks are unavailable during refresh | ||
| - | * LPDDR mitigate this by using a per-bank refresh | ||
| - | * Has to spend longer time with bigger DRAM | ||
| - | * Distributed refresh: stagger refresh every 64 ms in a distributed manner | ||
| - | * As oppose to burst refresh (long pause time) | ||
| - | * RAIDR: Reduce DRAM refresh by profiling and binning | ||
| - | * Some row do not have to be refresh very frequently | ||
| - | * Profile the row | ||
| - | * High temperature changes the retention time: need online profiling | ||
| - | * Bloom filter | ||
| - | * Represent set membership | ||
| - | * Approximated | ||
| - | * Can contain false positive | ||
| - | * Better/more hash function helps eliminate this | ||
| | | ||
| - | | ||
| - | | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 26 (4/7 Mon.) ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * Tolerate latency can be costly | ||
| - | * Instruction window is complex | ||
| - | * Benefit also diminishes | ||
| - | * Designing the buffers can be complex | ||
| - | * A simpler way to tolerate out of order is desirable | ||
| - | * Different sources that cause the core to stall in OoO | ||
| - | * Cache miss | ||
| - | * Note that stall happens if the inst. window is full | ||
| - | * Scaling instruction window size is hard | ||
| - | * It is better (less complex) to make the windows more efficient | ||
| - | * Runahead execution | ||
| - | * Try to optain MLP w/o increasing instruction windows | ||
| - | * Runahead (i.e. execute ahead) when there is a long memory instruction | ||
| - | * Long memory instruction stall processor for a while anyways, so it's better to make use out of it | ||
| - | * Execute future instruction to generate accurate prefetches | ||
| - | * Allow future data to be in the cache | ||
| - | * How to support runahead execution? | ||
| - | * Need a way to checkpoing the state when entering runahead mode | ||
| - | * How to make executing in the wrong path useful? | ||
| - | * Need runahead cache to handle load/store in Runahead mode (since they are speculative) | ||
| - | * Cost and benefit of runahead execution (slide number 27) | ||
| - | * Runahead can have inefficiency | ||
| - | * Runahead period that are useless | ||
| - | * Get rid of useless inefficient period | ||
| - | * What if there is a dependent cache miss | ||
| - | * Cannot be paralellized in a vanilla runahead | ||
| - | * Can predict the value of the dependent load | ||
| - | * How to predict the address of the load | ||
| - | * Delta value information | ||
| - | * Stride predictor | ||
| - | * AVD prediction | ||
| - | | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 28 (4/9 Wed.) ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * Questions regarding prefetching | ||
| - | * What to prefetch | ||
| - | * When to prefetch | ||
| - | * how do we prefetch | ||
| - | * where to prefetch from | ||
| - | * Prefetching can cause thrasing (evict a useful block) | ||
| - | * Prefetching can also be useless (not being used) | ||
| - | * Need to be efficient | ||
| - | * Can cause memory bandwidth problem in GPU | ||
| - | * Prefetch the whole block, more than one block, or subblock? | ||
| - | * Each one of them has pros and cons | ||
| - | * Big prefetch is more likely to waste bandwidth | ||
| - | * Commonly done in a cache block granularity | ||
| - | * Prefetch accuracy: fraction of useful prefetches out of all the prefetches | ||
| - | * Prefetcher usually predict based on | ||
| - | * Past knowledge | ||
| - | * Compiler hints | ||
| - | * Prefetcher has to prefetch at the right time | ||
| - | * Prefetch that is too early might get evicted | ||
| - | * It might also evict other useful data | ||
| - | * Prefetch too late does not hide the whole memory latency | ||
| - | * Previous prefetches at the same PC can be used as the history | ||
| - | * Previous demand requests also is a good information to use for prefetches | ||
| - | * Prefetch buffer | ||
| - | * Place the prefetch data to avoid thrashing | ||
| - | * Can treat demand/prefetch requests separately | ||
| - | * More complex | ||
| - | * Generally, demand block is more important | ||
| - | * This means eviction should prefer prefetch block as oppose to demand block | ||
| - | * Tradeoffs between where do we place the prefetcher | ||
| - | * Look at L1 hits and misses | ||
| - | * Look at L1 misses only | ||
| - | * Look at L2 misses | ||
| - | * Different access pattern affect accuracy | ||
| - | * Tradeoffs between handling more requests (seeing L1 hits and misses) and less visibility (only see L2 miss) | ||
| - | * Software vs. hardware vs. execution based prefetching | ||
| - | * Software: ISA previde prefetch instructions, software utilize it | ||
| - | * What information are useful | ||
| - | * How to make sure the prefetch is timely | ||
| - | * What if you have a pointer based structure | ||
| - | * Not easy to prefetch pointer chasing (because in many case the work between prefetches is short, so you cannot predict the next one timely enough) | ||
| - | * Can be solved by hinting the nextnext and/or nextnextnext address | ||
| - | * Hardware: Identify the pattern and prefetch | ||
| - | * Execution driven: Oppotunistically try to prefetch (runahead, dual-core execution) | ||
| - | * Stride prefetcher | ||
| - | * Predict strides, which is common in many programs | ||
| - | * Cache block based or instruction based | ||
| - | * Stream buffer design | ||
| - | * Buffer the stream of accesses (next address) | ||
| - | * Use the information to prefetch | ||
| - | * What affect prefetcher performance | ||
| - | * Prefetch distance | ||
| - | * How far ahead should we prefetch | ||
| - | * Prefetch degree | ||
| - | * How many prefetches do we prefetch | ||
| - | * Prefetcher performance | ||
| - | * Coverage | ||
| - | * Out of the demand requests, how many are actually from the prefetch request | ||
| - | * Accuracy | ||
| - | * Out of all the prefetch requests, how many are actually getting used | ||
| - | * Timeliness | ||
| - | * How much memory latency can we hide from the prefetch requests | ||
| - | * Feedback directed prefetcher | ||
| - | * Use the result of the prefetcher as a feedback to the prefetcher | ||
| - | * with accuracy, timeliness, polluting information | ||
| - | * Markov prefetcher | ||
| - | * Prefetch based on the previous history | ||
| - | * Use markov model to predict | ||
| - | * Pros: Can cover arbitary pattern (easy for link list traversal or trees) | ||
| - | * Downside: High cost, cannot help with compulsory misses (no history) | ||
| - | * Content directed prefetching | ||
| - | * Indentify the content in memory for pointers (which is used as the address to prefetch | ||
| - | * Not very efficient (hard to figure out which block is the pointer) | ||
| - | * Software can give hints | ||
| - | | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 28 (4/14 Mon.) ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * Execution based prefetcher | ||
| - | * Helper thread/speculative thread | ||
| - | * Use another thread to pre-execute a program | ||
| - | * Can be a software based or hardware based | ||
| - | * Discover misses before the main program (to prefetch data in a timely manner) | ||
| - | * How do you construct the helper thread | ||
| - | * Preexecute instruction (one example of how to initialize a speculative thread), slide 9 | ||
| - | * Benefit of multiprocessor | ||
| - | * Improve performace without not significantly increase power consumption | ||
| - | * Better cost efficiency and easier to scale | ||
| - | * Improve dependability (in case the other core is faulty | ||
| - | * Different types of parallelism | ||
| - | * Instruction level parallelism | ||
| - | * Data level parallelism | ||
| - | * Task level parallelism | ||
| - | * Task level parallelism | ||
| - | * Partition a single, potentially big, task into multiple parallel sub-task | ||
| - | * Can be done explicitly (parallel programming by the programmer) | ||
| - | * Or implicitly (hardware partition a single thread specilatively) | ||
| - | * Or, run multiple independent tasks (still improve throughput, but the speedup of any single tasks are not better, also simpler to implement) | ||
| - | * Loosely coupled multiprocessor | ||
| - | * No shared global address space | ||
| - | * Message passing to communicate between different sources | ||
| - | * Simple to manage memory | ||
| - | * Tightly coupled multiprocesor | ||
| - | * Shared global address space | ||
| - | * Need to ensure consistency of data | ||
| - | * Switch on event multithreading | ||
| - | * Switch to another context when there is an event (for example, a cache miss) | ||
| - | * Simulteneous multithreading | ||
| - | * Dispatch instruction from multiple threads at the same time | ||
| - | * Amdahl's law | ||
| - | * Maximum speedup | ||
| - | * Parallel portion is not perfect | ||
| - | * Serial bottleneck | ||
| - | * Synchronization cost | ||
| - | * Load balance | ||
| - | * Some threads has more work, requires more time to hit the sync. point | ||
| - | * Issue in parallel programming | ||
| - | * Correctness | ||
| - | * Synchronization | ||
| - | * Consistency | ||
| - | | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 29 (4/16 Wed.) ===== | ||
| - | | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * Ordering of instructions | ||
| - | * Maintaining memory consistency when there are multiple threads and shared memory | ||
| - | * Need to ensure the semantic is not changed | ||
| - | * Making sire the shared data is properly locked when used | ||
| - | * Support mutual exclusion | ||
| - | * Ordering depends on when each processor is executed | ||
| - | * Debugging is also difficult (non-deterministic behavior) | ||
| - | * Weak consistency: global ordering when sync | ||
| - | * programmer hints where the synchronizations are | ||
| - | * Total store order model: global ordering only with store | ||
| - | * Cache coherence | ||
| - | * Can be done in the software level or hardware level | ||
| - | * Coherence protocol | ||
| - | * Need to ensure that all the processors see and update the correct state of the cache block | ||
| - | * Need to make sure that writes get propagated and serialized | ||
| - | * Simple protocol are not scalable (one point of synchrnization) | ||
| - | * Update vs. invalidate | ||
| - | * For invalidate, only the core that needs to read retains the correct copy | ||
| - | * Can lead to ping-ponging (tons of read/writes from several processors) | ||
| - | * For updates, bus becomes the bottleneck | ||
| - | * Snoopy bus | ||
| - | * Bus based, single point of serialization | ||
| - | * More efficient with small number of processors | ||
| - | * All cache snoop other caches read/write requests to keep the cache block coherent | ||
| - | * Directory based | ||
| - | * Single point of serialization per block | ||
| - | * Directory coordinate the coherency | ||
| - | * More scalable | ||
| - | * The directory keeps track of where the copies of each block resides | ||
| - | * Supply data on a read | ||
| - | * Invalide the block on a write | ||
| - | * Has an exclusive state | ||
| - | * MSI coherent protocol | ||
| - | * Slide number 56-57 | ||
| - | * Consume bus bandwidth (need an "exclusive" state | ||
| - | * MESI coherent protocal | ||
| - | * Add the exclusive state: this is the only cache copy and it is clean state to MSI | ||
| - | * Tradeoffs between snooping and directory based | ||
| - | * Slide 71 has a good summary on this | ||
| - | * MOESI | ||
| - | * Improvement over MESI protocol | ||
| - | |||
| - | | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 29 (4/18 Wed.) ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * Interference | ||
| - | * Complexity of the memory scheduler | ||
| - | * Ranking/prioritization has cost | ||
| - | * Complex scheduler has higher latency | ||
| - | * Performance metric for multicore/multithead applications | ||
| - | * Speedup | ||
| - | * Slowdown | ||
| - | * Harmonic vs wrighted | ||
| - | * Fairness mertic | ||
| - | * Maximum slowdown | ||
| - | * Why does it make sense | ||
| - | * Any scenario that it does not make sense? | ||
| - | * Predictable performance | ||
| - | * Why is it important? | ||
| - | * In server environment, different jobs are on the same server | ||
| - | * In a mobile environment, there are multiple sources that can slowdown other sources | ||
| - | * How to relate slowdown with request service rate | ||
| - | * MISE: soft slowdown guarantee | ||
| - | * BDI | ||
| - | * Memory wall | ||
| - | * What is the concern regarding the memory wall | ||
| - | * Size of the cache on the die (CPU die) | ||
| - | * One possible solution: cache compression | ||
| - | * What is the problems of existing cache compression mechanism | ||
| - | * Some are too complex | ||
| - | * Decompression is in the critical path | ||
| - | * Need to decompress when reading the data -> decompression should not be in the critical path | ||
| - | * Important factor to the performance | ||
| - | * Software compression is not good enough to compress everything | ||
| - | * Zero value compression | ||
| - | * Simple | ||
| - | * Good compression ratio | ||
| - | * What is data does not have many zeroes | ||
| - | * Frequent value compression | ||
| - | * Some data appear fequently | ||
| - | * Simple and good compression ratio | ||
| - | * have to profile | ||
| - | * decompression is complex | ||
| - | * Frequent pattern compression | ||
| - | * Still to complex in terms of decompression | ||
| - | * Based delta compression | ||
| - | * Easy to decompress but retain the benefit of compression | ||
| - | | ||
| - | | ||
| - | ===== Lecture 31 (4/28 Mon.) ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | * Directory based cache coherent | ||
| - | * Each directory has to handle validate/invalidation | ||
| - | * Extra cost of syncronization | ||
| - | * Need to ensure race conditions are resolved | ||
| - | * Interconnection | ||
| - | * Topology | ||
| - | * Bus | ||
| - | * Mesh | ||
| - | * Torus | ||
| - | * Tree | ||
| - | * Butterfly | ||
| - | * Ring | ||
| - | * Bi-directional ring | ||
| - | * More scalable | ||
| - | * Hierarchical ring | ||
| - | * Even more scalable | ||
| - | * More complex | ||
| - | * Crossbar | ||
| - | * etc. | ||
| - | * Circuit switching | ||
| - | * Multistage network | ||
| - | * Butterfly | ||
| - | * Delta network | ||
| - | * Handling contention | ||
| - | * Buffering vs. dropping/deflection (no buffering) | ||
| - | * Routing algorithm | ||
| - | * Handling deadlock | ||
| - | * X-Y routing | ||
| - | * Turn model (to avoid deadlocks) | ||
| - | * Add more buffering for an escape path | ||
| - | * Oblivious routing | ||
| - | * Can take different path | ||
| - | * DOR between each intermediate location | ||
| - | * Balance network load | ||
| - | * Adaptive routing | ||
| - | * Use the state of the network to determine the route | ||
| - | * Aware of local and/or global congestions | ||
| - | * Non minimal adaptive routing can have livelocks | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== Lecture 32 (4/30 Wed.) ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * Serialized code section | ||
| - | * Degrade performance | ||
| - | * Waste energy | ||
| - | * Heterogeneous cores | ||
| - | * Can execute serialized portion on a powerful large core | ||
| - | * Tradeoff between multiple small cores, multiple large cores or heterogenerous cores | ||
| - | * Critical section | ||
| - | * bottleneck in several multithreaded workloads | ||
| - | * Assymmetry can help | ||
| - | * Accelerated critical section | ||
| - | * Use a large core to run serialized portion of the code | ||
| - | * How to correctly support ACS | ||
| - | * False serialization | ||
| - | * Handling private/shared data | ||
| - | * BIS | ||
| - | * Ideltify the bottleneck | ||
| - | * Serial bottleneck | ||
| - | * Barrier | ||
| - | * Critical section | ||
| - | * Pipeline stages | ||
| - | * Application might wait on different types of bottlenecks | ||
| - | * Allow bottleneckcall and bottleneckreturn | ||
| - | * Acceleration can be done in multiple ways | ||
| - | * ship to a big core | ||
| - | * increase the frequency | ||
| - | * Priorize the thread in share resources (memory scheduler always schedule reqeusts from the thread first, etc.) | ||
| - | * Bottleneck table keeps track of different thread's bottleneck and determine the criticality | ||
| - | | ||
| - | |||
| - | ===== Lecture 33 (5/2 Fri.) ===== | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | * DRAM scaling problem | ||
| - | * Possible solutions to the scaling problem | ||
| - | * Less leakage DRAM | ||
| - | * Heterogeneous DRAM (TL-DRAM, etc.) | ||
| - | * Add more functionality to DRAM | ||
| - | * Denser design (3D stack) | ||
| - | * Different technology | ||
| - | * NVM | ||
| - | * Non volatile memory | ||
| - | * Resistive memory | ||
| - | * PCM | ||
| - | * Inject current to change the phase | ||
| - | * Scales better than DRAM | ||
| - | * Multiple bits per cell | ||
| - | * Wider resistence range | ||
| - | * No refresh is needed | ||
| - | * Downside: Latency and write endurance | ||
| - | * STT-MRAM | ||
| - | * Inject current to change the polarity | ||
| - | * Memristor | ||
| - | * Inject current to change the structure | ||
| - | * Persistency - data stay there even without power | ||
| - | * Unified memory and storage management (persistent data structure) - Single level store | ||
| - | * Improve energy and performance | ||
| - | * Simplify programming model | ||
| - | |||
buzzword.txt · Last modified: 2015/04/27 18:20 by rachata
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